Three Key Elements of Post-2012 International Climate Policy
... are expected to continue to grow much faster than U.S. emissions (Blanford, et al. 2008). Even if all of the Annex I countries, including the United States, were to reduce their CO2 emissions to zero by 2030, it would be physically impossible for the world to achieve the frequently ...
... are expected to continue to grow much faster than U.S. emissions (Blanford, et al. 2008). Even if all of the Annex I countries, including the United States, were to reduce their CO2 emissions to zero by 2030, it would be physically impossible for the world to achieve the frequently ...
Biosphere feedbacks and climate change
... Much scientific and policy interest focuses on how the Earth’s climate is likely to change with continuing increases in the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). GHGs trap the long-wave radiation emitted by the Earth, thus causing warming at the surfac ...
... Much scientific and policy interest focuses on how the Earth’s climate is likely to change with continuing increases in the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). GHGs trap the long-wave radiation emitted by the Earth, thus causing warming at the surfac ...
Climate Extremes: Recent Trends with Implications for National Security
... need to consider the accelerating nature of climate stress, in concert with the more traditional political, economic, and social indicators. ...
... need to consider the accelerating nature of climate stress, in concert with the more traditional political, economic, and social indicators. ...
Dr. Milankovitch`s Humongous Hypothesis
... wobble in Earth’s elliptical orbit, known as precession of the ellipse. The combined effect of axial precession and precession of the ellipse is to modify where the equinoxes and solstices occur in Earth’s orbit, causing a shift in the timing of seasons. Right now, in the northern hemisphere, summer ...
... wobble in Earth’s elliptical orbit, known as precession of the ellipse. The combined effect of axial precession and precession of the ellipse is to modify where the equinoxes and solstices occur in Earth’s orbit, causing a shift in the timing of seasons. Right now, in the northern hemisphere, summer ...
Climate Dynamics (CLIM)
... Reviews global patterns of temperature, salinity, currents and waves in the world's oceans and how these patterns influence marine biota, climate, and human activity. Introduces key concepts which explain physical features of the ocean ranging from microscopic turbulence to global circulation. Desig ...
... Reviews global patterns of temperature, salinity, currents and waves in the world's oceans and how these patterns influence marine biota, climate, and human activity. Introduces key concepts which explain physical features of the ocean ranging from microscopic turbulence to global circulation. Desig ...
Towards Climate-Friendly Farming
... According to the Department of Climate Change, Australian agriculture directly accounts for 88 Mt CO2-e (‘carbon dioxide equivalents’), or around 15 percent of the national carbon pollution load3. When land clearing and savannah burning are added, this figure rises to greater than 25 percent. Agricu ...
... According to the Department of Climate Change, Australian agriculture directly accounts for 88 Mt CO2-e (‘carbon dioxide equivalents’), or around 15 percent of the national carbon pollution load3. When land clearing and savannah burning are added, this figure rises to greater than 25 percent. Agricu ...
Robert Whittakers 1963 Arizona Mountain plant transect revisited
... Southwestern summer monsoons should shift a few weeks later in the year, although the total summer precipitation should remain about the same. However, the areal extent of drought over the Southwest during 2001–2010 was the second largest observed for any decade since 1900 (Garfin et al. 2013). Anal ...
... Southwestern summer monsoons should shift a few weeks later in the year, although the total summer precipitation should remain about the same. However, the areal extent of drought over the Southwest during 2001–2010 was the second largest observed for any decade since 1900 (Garfin et al. 2013). Anal ...
8_ecosystem-models-for-gcc
... ERCC models have both short-term (less than 10 years) and long-term (20-200years) mechanisms. Shortterm experimental data currently available are applicable only for testing the short-term mechanisms in ERCC models. The long-term mechanisms (e.g., those involving slow turnover of woody tissues and s ...
... ERCC models have both short-term (less than 10 years) and long-term (20-200years) mechanisms. Shortterm experimental data currently available are applicable only for testing the short-term mechanisms in ERCC models. The long-term mechanisms (e.g., those involving slow turnover of woody tissues and s ...
The Extinction of the Woolley Mammoth
... It is difficult to extract evidence from the remains of the woolly mammoth. Their carcasses and Skeletons were numerous, especially in the northern hemisphere and where glaciers existed. Millions of remains were found buried in Siberian frost alone. It was not only woolly mammoth Remains were dug up ...
... It is difficult to extract evidence from the remains of the woolly mammoth. Their carcasses and Skeletons were numerous, especially in the northern hemisphere and where glaciers existed. Millions of remains were found buried in Siberian frost alone. It was not only woolly mammoth Remains were dug up ...
NAP-GSP Support to Developing Countries
... stocktaking focused on skills building at the institutional and individual level has been carried out, jointly by the UNDP and UNITAR Submitted a new Project proposal (PIF) for 8.5 million USD to the LDCF focused on adaptation in the water sector and includes climate adaptation mainstreaming activit ...
... stocktaking focused on skills building at the institutional and individual level has been carried out, jointly by the UNDP and UNITAR Submitted a new Project proposal (PIF) for 8.5 million USD to the LDCF focused on adaptation in the water sector and includes climate adaptation mainstreaming activit ...
Impacts of marine instability across the East Antarctic Ice Sheet on
... whereby basal melting of the Antarctic Ice Sheet influences the circulation of the Southern Ocean. The dominant feedback loop involves local cooling; this loop is negative. A secondary feedback loop involves acceleration of the subpolar gyres; this loop is positive. A minor additional feedback loop ...
... whereby basal melting of the Antarctic Ice Sheet influences the circulation of the Southern Ocean. The dominant feedback loop involves local cooling; this loop is negative. A secondary feedback loop involves acceleration of the subpolar gyres; this loop is positive. A minor additional feedback loop ...
23-9-E
... dioxide cools the stratosphere, while some other GHGs (e.g., methane and nitrous oxide) directly impact stratospheric ozone levels. ODSs not only destroy stratospheric ozone but also can be potent GHGs. Furthermore, some HFCs currently used as chemical substitutes for some ODSs, are potent GHGs as w ...
... dioxide cools the stratosphere, while some other GHGs (e.g., methane and nitrous oxide) directly impact stratospheric ozone levels. ODSs not only destroy stratospheric ozone but also can be potent GHGs. Furthermore, some HFCs currently used as chemical substitutes for some ODSs, are potent GHGs as w ...
NAF Public Consultation
... The existing Framework (2012) was the first step for Ireland in developing a comprehensive national policy position to address the anticipated impacts of climate change through a structured programme of action on adaptation. The current Framework requires the development and implementation of sector ...
... The existing Framework (2012) was the first step for Ireland in developing a comprehensive national policy position to address the anticipated impacts of climate change through a structured programme of action on adaptation. The current Framework requires the development and implementation of sector ...
China - Open Knowledge Repository
... This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they repre ...
... This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they repre ...
Climate Trends and Impacts in China
... This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they repre ...
... This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they repre ...
International Workshop on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate
... tools are not possible to harmonise either, as they have to be in accordance to different donor processes. “There are no blue-print-approaches” (Lorenz Petersen, GTZ). Or as another participant put it: “If you relate the harmonisation issues discussed to gender, governance, culture, etc., they would ...
... tools are not possible to harmonise either, as they have to be in accordance to different donor processes. “There are no blue-print-approaches” (Lorenz Petersen, GTZ). Or as another participant put it: “If you relate the harmonisation issues discussed to gender, governance, culture, etc., they would ...
How Increasing CO2 and Climate Change Affect Forests
... northern hemisphere, whereas current land-use changes are most dramatic near the equator, where large areas of tropical forests are being cleared or degraded. However, human activitieswithin any region that cause increases in atmosphericCO2 concentrationscan affect global climate patterns. Extensive ...
... northern hemisphere, whereas current land-use changes are most dramatic near the equator, where large areas of tropical forests are being cleared or degraded. However, human activitieswithin any region that cause increases in atmosphericCO2 concentrationscan affect global climate patterns. Extensive ...
i4332e06
... ivestock are the source of 33 percent of the protein in human diets, and continued population and economic growth could double the total demand for livestock products by 2050 (Alexandratos and Bruinsma, 2012). Currently, 30 percent of global land area is already being used for livestock rearing (St ...
... ivestock are the source of 33 percent of the protein in human diets, and continued population and economic growth could double the total demand for livestock products by 2050 (Alexandratos and Bruinsma, 2012). Currently, 30 percent of global land area is already being used for livestock rearing (St ...
Global climate cycles and cyclones: consequences for
... however, there is increasing recognition that tropical regions are also being affected. Despite this, regions such as Madagascar, which are rich in endemic biodiversity but may have low adaptive capacity to climatic change, are poorly represented in studies examining the effects of climate variabili ...
... however, there is increasing recognition that tropical regions are also being affected. Despite this, regions such as Madagascar, which are rich in endemic biodiversity but may have low adaptive capacity to climatic change, are poorly represented in studies examining the effects of climate variabili ...
environmental, economic and social impacts of
... evitable that those events are not accidental any more. Second, scientists have finished series of academic researches on climate change and presented the results as clear conclusions. It has been firmly proved, with total probability not less than 90% that the climate change within last decades has ...
... evitable that those events are not accidental any more. Second, scientists have finished series of academic researches on climate change and presented the results as clear conclusions. It has been firmly proved, with total probability not less than 90% that the climate change within last decades has ...
Bureaucratic Land Rush - Global Public Policy Institute
... with climate change. Secondly, the alignment of emission reduction efforts with the overarching political objective to transform China’s broader economic development model in order to secure long-term sustainability of economic growth, social stability, and political legitimacy. Without a doubt, alt ...
... with climate change. Secondly, the alignment of emission reduction efforts with the overarching political objective to transform China’s broader economic development model in order to secure long-term sustainability of economic growth, social stability, and political legitimacy. Without a doubt, alt ...
Global Climate Risk Index 2006
... level, one question becomes more and more important in the climate debate: which countries will be affected in which way and to which degree by the impacts and which options are there to adapt to the consequences of climate change. Weather events that cause damage play a central role in this context ...
... level, one question becomes more and more important in the climate debate: which countries will be affected in which way and to which degree by the impacts and which options are there to adapt to the consequences of climate change. Weather events that cause damage play a central role in this context ...
Climate Change
... Main (man-made) greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas, but it is the main contributor to warming. Other important greenhouse gases include nitrous oxide and methane, both of which have increased in the last century. • The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased primari ...
... Main (man-made) greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas, but it is the main contributor to warming. Other important greenhouse gases include nitrous oxide and methane, both of which have increased in the last century. • The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased primari ...
How reversible is sea ice loss?
... with the Southern Ocean taking longer (Stouffer, 2004). The dominant source of the oceanic heat is increased surface heat uptake as sea ice declines. The heat is stored temporarily in intermediate waters at ∼400 m depth before eventually being transferred back to the surface and to the deep ocean. T ...
... with the Southern Ocean taking longer (Stouffer, 2004). The dominant source of the oceanic heat is increased surface heat uptake as sea ice declines. The heat is stored temporarily in intermediate waters at ∼400 m depth before eventually being transferred back to the surface and to the deep ocean. T ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).