Feedbacks and mechanisms affecting the global
... 22 ± 5 cm SLE (RCP8.5) by Marzeion et al. (2012). Remarkably, there is considerable overlap of the uncertainty ranges of projected mass loss from glaciers even for very different climate scenarios. For instance, RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, which during the period 2081–2100 arrive at a global mean temperature ...
... 22 ± 5 cm SLE (RCP8.5) by Marzeion et al. (2012). Remarkably, there is considerable overlap of the uncertainty ranges of projected mass loss from glaciers even for very different climate scenarios. For instance, RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, which during the period 2081–2100 arrive at a global mean temperature ...
Consensus‟ Exposed: The CRU Controversy - Inhofe
... centers in the world‖ on key aspects of climate change research. It also has ―contributed to the scientific assessments of climate change conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).‖ CRU‘s CRUTEM3 is one of the key datasets of surface temperatures utilized by the IPCC in its F ...
... centers in the world‖ on key aspects of climate change research. It also has ―contributed to the scientific assessments of climate change conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).‖ CRU‘s CRUTEM3 is one of the key datasets of surface temperatures utilized by the IPCC in its F ...
The Economic Climate: Establishing Expert Consensus on the
... would be asked about their assumptions for key values in determining the social cost of carbon: (1) the discount rate, (2) the probability of catastrophic outcomes (e.g., 10%, 30%, and 50% losses in GDP from climate change occurring in the next 50 years), and (3) the CO2 emission reduction necessary ...
... would be asked about their assumptions for key values in determining the social cost of carbon: (1) the discount rate, (2) the probability of catastrophic outcomes (e.g., 10%, 30%, and 50% losses in GDP from climate change occurring in the next 50 years), and (3) the CO2 emission reduction necessary ...
Prince Edward Island and Climate Change
... gases which contribute to the warming of the Earth.” 1 In 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change provided the most authoritative scientific information so far on climate change. Key findings from their “Fourth Assessment Report”2 included the following observations: • it is highly prob ...
... gases which contribute to the warming of the Earth.” 1 In 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change provided the most authoritative scientific information so far on climate change. Key findings from their “Fourth Assessment Report”2 included the following observations: • it is highly prob ...
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... security in Niger. We distinguish between (i) exposure to climatic disruptions, (ii) biophysical sensitivity to such disruptions, (iii) household adaptive capacity in terms of farmers’ ability to prepare and adjust to the resulting stress, and, finally, (iv) system-level adaptive capacity that serve ...
... security in Niger. We distinguish between (i) exposure to climatic disruptions, (ii) biophysical sensitivity to such disruptions, (iii) household adaptive capacity in terms of farmers’ ability to prepare and adjust to the resulting stress, and, finally, (iv) system-level adaptive capacity that serve ...
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... [13]. In light of recurring food shortages, projected climate change, and rising prices of fossil fuel-based agricultural inputs, agroforestry has recently experienced a surge in interest from the research and development communities, as a cost-effective means to enhance food security, while at the ...
... [13]. In light of recurring food shortages, projected climate change, and rising prices of fossil fuel-based agricultural inputs, agroforestry has recently experienced a surge in interest from the research and development communities, as a cost-effective means to enhance food security, while at the ...
Australia - Met Office
... The assessment of impacts at the national level, both for the AVOID programme results and the cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particu ...
... The assessment of impacts at the national level, both for the AVOID programme results and the cited supporting literature, were mostly based on global studies. This was to ensure consistency, whilst recognising that this might not always provide enough focus on impacts of most relevance to a particu ...
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... It is important to recognize that farmers can increase benefits or mitigate losses from climate change through adaptations: they can adjust input use and management practices in the short term, e.g., planting date, irrigation water application rate, seed varieties, and coverage of crop insurance; th ...
... It is important to recognize that farmers can increase benefits or mitigate losses from climate change through adaptations: they can adjust input use and management practices in the short term, e.g., planting date, irrigation water application rate, seed varieties, and coverage of crop insurance; th ...
Studying Climate Change: Proxy Indicators
... • Proxy indicators = types of indirect evidence that serve as substitutes for direct measurements - Ice caps, ice sheets, and glaciers hold clues to past climate - Trapped bubbles in ice cores show atmospheric ...
... • Proxy indicators = types of indirect evidence that serve as substitutes for direct measurements - Ice caps, ice sheets, and glaciers hold clues to past climate - Trapped bubbles in ice cores show atmospheric ...
Global Meteorological Drought: A Synthesis of Current
... drought—the processes responsible for the long-term disruptions of local and regional precipitation-producing phenomena. These processes often act over large distances via various large-scale atmospheric motions such as the Hadley and Walker circulations, Rossby waves, and other atmospheric teleconn ...
... drought—the processes responsible for the long-term disruptions of local and regional precipitation-producing phenomena. These processes often act over large distances via various large-scale atmospheric motions such as the Hadley and Walker circulations, Rossby waves, and other atmospheric teleconn ...
DANGER The of Corporate Landfill Gas-to-Energy Schemes and How to Fix It
... than that of CO2. emissions is critical, not enough has been done to curtail landfill methane emissions. The current waste-disposal system in the U.S.—and those who profit from it—is responsible for this inaction. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that the annual amount of gar ...
... than that of CO2. emissions is critical, not enough has been done to curtail landfill methane emissions. The current waste-disposal system in the U.S.—and those who profit from it—is responsible for this inaction. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that the annual amount of gar ...
Chapter 4
... modified or amended. For now, however, we will focus on treaty creation. . . . a. Identification of Needs and Goals Before an international agreement can be concluded, certain preliminary steps must be taken. The first step, of course, is that the need for action must be discovered — someone must co ...
... modified or amended. For now, however, we will focus on treaty creation. . . . a. Identification of Needs and Goals Before an international agreement can be concluded, certain preliminary steps must be taken. The first step, of course, is that the need for action must be discovered — someone must co ...
Projecting future climate change: Implications of carbon cycle
... of projected CO2 concentration, given a scenario for emissions; this range is wider than had been considered in previous assessments and contrary to the common assumption. Consequently, when accounted for in the simulation of the entire climate system, the range of climate projections also becomes s ...
... of projected CO2 concentration, given a scenario for emissions; this range is wider than had been considered in previous assessments and contrary to the common assumption. Consequently, when accounted for in the simulation of the entire climate system, the range of climate projections also becomes s ...
Changing the Climate - Wyoming Outdoor Council
... The secret for a community, Moretti said, is to reinvent itself into new things. “And I think this might be the most important difference between Detroit and Silicon Valley,” he said. “Silicon Valley keeps reinventing itself. It used to be mostly hardware and silicon conductors in the 1970s and 1980 ...
... The secret for a community, Moretti said, is to reinvent itself into new things. “And I think this might be the most important difference between Detroit and Silicon Valley,” he said. “Silicon Valley keeps reinventing itself. It used to be mostly hardware and silicon conductors in the 1970s and 1980 ...
Green Resilience: Climate Adaptation + Mitigation Synergies
... Reflections on Policy, Research, Capacity Building and Funding Needs With this background on how the process of connecting adaptation and mitigation, we can now delve into how climate A+M fits into the policy, research, and funding aspects at the community and national levels. Susan Ruffo provided a ...
... Reflections on Policy, Research, Capacity Building and Funding Needs With this background on how the process of connecting adaptation and mitigation, we can now delve into how climate A+M fits into the policy, research, and funding aspects at the community and national levels. Susan Ruffo provided a ...
Vulnerability of Modiolus reefs to climate change
... (Figure 1). Historical fishing activity (scallop trawling and dredging) has caused widespread damage to these areas. M. modiolus reefs are listed as a threatened and/or endangered species and habitat in all OSPAR regions (OSPAR, 2008). Additionally, key structural or functional species such as M. mo ...
... (Figure 1). Historical fishing activity (scallop trawling and dredging) has caused widespread damage to these areas. M. modiolus reefs are listed as a threatened and/or endangered species and habitat in all OSPAR regions (OSPAR, 2008). Additionally, key structural or functional species such as M. mo ...
Earth System
... Long-Term Climate Change What causes long-term climate changes? Complex interactions across the Earth system. ...
... Long-Term Climate Change What causes long-term climate changes? Complex interactions across the Earth system. ...
Climate Change Mitigation«WHAT DO WE DO?
... that in many respects the OECD baseline scenario is not a particularly pessimistic one. Energy intensity – the amount of energy used to produce a given level of gross domestic product (GDP) – is assumed to fall continuously, partly because as living standards across the world converge, GDP shifts st ...
... that in many respects the OECD baseline scenario is not a particularly pessimistic one. Energy intensity – the amount of energy used to produce a given level of gross domestic product (GDP) – is assumed to fall continuously, partly because as living standards across the world converge, GDP shifts st ...
Coffee and Climate Change
... most impacted, leading to the risk of saltwater intrusion of rivers and underground water resources. Until 2100 it is expected that climate change will affect approximately 4.4% of Viet Nam's population, causing the loss of 5,469 km2 of arable land leading to serious social and economic losses. Furt ...
... most impacted, leading to the risk of saltwater intrusion of rivers and underground water resources. Until 2100 it is expected that climate change will affect approximately 4.4% of Viet Nam's population, causing the loss of 5,469 km2 of arable land leading to serious social and economic losses. Furt ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PRESERVING THE OCEAN
... greenhouse gas concentrations [Manabe and Stouffer, 1993, Wood et al., 1999, Schmittner and Stocker, 1999, Rahmstorf and Ganopolski, 1999]. An important link between atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and the ocean circulation is the density of the surface waters in regions like the North Atl ...
... greenhouse gas concentrations [Manabe and Stouffer, 1993, Wood et al., 1999, Schmittner and Stocker, 1999, Rahmstorf and Ganopolski, 1999]. An important link between atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and the ocean circulation is the density of the surface waters in regions like the North Atl ...
Expert meeting on assessing the risk of loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change (opens in new window)
... the Convention. In addition, no comprehensive risk assessment model for climate change loss and damages exists. This paper responds to the request of the Conference of the Parties (COP) at its seventeenth session to prepare a technical paper summarizing current knowledge on relevant methodologies, a ...
... the Convention. In addition, no comprehensive risk assessment model for climate change loss and damages exists. This paper responds to the request of the Conference of the Parties (COP) at its seventeenth session to prepare a technical paper summarizing current knowledge on relevant methodologies, a ...
Expect Above Average Temperatures: Identifying the Economic
... (Baylis, 2017), and more. The typical study first estimates the causal effects of weather on the dependent variable of interest and then uses physical climate models’ projections to simulate how the dependent variable would be affected by future climate change. Yet for all the advances this literatu ...
... (Baylis, 2017), and more. The typical study first estimates the causal effects of weather on the dependent variable of interest and then uses physical climate models’ projections to simulate how the dependent variable would be affected by future climate change. Yet for all the advances this literatu ...
Climate change hits home
... sea level rise and areas at risk of urban heat-island effects alongside demographic information to reveal which populations may be most exposed to flooding or extreme heat. A vulnerability assessment for a wastewater system might model the system’s performance under a range of predicted future storm ...
... sea level rise and areas at risk of urban heat-island effects alongside demographic information to reveal which populations may be most exposed to flooding or extreme heat. A vulnerability assessment for a wastewater system might model the system’s performance under a range of predicted future storm ...
This is the version as sent for printing, but without the graphics. The
... Present systems were developed when underutilized stocks were available and freely accessible to largescale fishing operations. Most have not been adjusted to the situation of resource scarcity. Adoption of the UN Convention on Law of the Sea and Exclusive Economic Zones, generally out to 200 miles, ...
... Present systems were developed when underutilized stocks were available and freely accessible to largescale fishing operations. Most have not been adjusted to the situation of resource scarcity. Adoption of the UN Convention on Law of the Sea and Exclusive Economic Zones, generally out to 200 miles, ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).