Dear editor and reviewers, Thanks for your comments concerning
... depends on regional climate and topographic conditions (Oerlemans and Reichert, 2000; Bolch et al., 2012; Carturan et al., 2012; Yu et al., 2013; Baral et al., 2014). Some studies on glaciers in the Tian Shan also proved the dominant role of temperature for changes in mass balance (Duethmann et al. ...
... depends on regional climate and topographic conditions (Oerlemans and Reichert, 2000; Bolch et al., 2012; Carturan et al., 2012; Yu et al., 2013; Baral et al., 2014). Some studies on glaciers in the Tian Shan also proved the dominant role of temperature for changes in mass balance (Duethmann et al. ...
... warming and climate change has become a cause of grave concern all over the world. Every society, small or big, is feeling the ill effects of environmental degradation and this poses a high level of risk to the existence of plant, animal and human life. Trends towards environmental degradation can, ...
Urban Climate Adaptation Planning - Resilient Cities
... Cities around the world are increasingly aware of the need to prepare for greater variability in temperature, precipitation, and natural disasters expected to take place as a result of global climate change. In recent years, numerous reports and manuals have been written and networks formed to offer ...
... Cities around the world are increasingly aware of the need to prepare for greater variability in temperature, precipitation, and natural disasters expected to take place as a result of global climate change. In recent years, numerous reports and manuals have been written and networks formed to offer ...
Methane emission in various wetland habitats in the Biebrza Valley
... Peatlands become carbon sinks (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000). Due to anaerobic conditions and high saturation of properly developing, natural peatlands, slow decomposition of organic matter induces organic carbon accumulation. In result, the methane (CH4) and the carbon dioxide (CO2), that become a si ...
... Peatlands become carbon sinks (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000). Due to anaerobic conditions and high saturation of properly developing, natural peatlands, slow decomposition of organic matter induces organic carbon accumulation. In result, the methane (CH4) and the carbon dioxide (CO2), that become a si ...
Climate change on annual runoff dynamics
... and discharge about 12 billion m3 of annual runoff into Xiamen coastal water and eventually reaching Kinmen–Taiwan strait. The amount of water flowing through downstream of this river is considerably important to be concerned because it is the only sources of water for residents in Xiamen. Water is ...
... and discharge about 12 billion m3 of annual runoff into Xiamen coastal water and eventually reaching Kinmen–Taiwan strait. The amount of water flowing through downstream of this river is considerably important to be concerned because it is the only sources of water for residents in Xiamen. Water is ...
geothermal project funding through the clean
... major influence on climate through its use of fossil fuels for energy supply, chemical industry, and changes in land use. While life has been interacting with the climate for hundreds of millions of years (e.g. through the effect of photosynthesis on CO2/O2 concentrations), humanity can be looked up ...
... major influence on climate through its use of fossil fuels for energy supply, chemical industry, and changes in land use. While life has been interacting with the climate for hundreds of millions of years (e.g. through the effect of photosynthesis on CO2/O2 concentrations), humanity can be looked up ...
Climate Change - Karnataka State Pollution Control Board
... on this planet. The international community such as IPCC has said that without additional mitigation efforts beyond those in place today, and even with adaptation, warming by the end of the 21st century will lead to high to very high risk of severe, widespread and irreversible impacts globally. IPCC ...
... on this planet. The international community such as IPCC has said that without additional mitigation efforts beyond those in place today, and even with adaptation, warming by the end of the 21st century will lead to high to very high risk of severe, widespread and irreversible impacts globally. IPCC ...
NC 4 - unfccc
... hydro-electric resources are limited by available water in one of the world’s most arid continents and nuclear power is not utilised. In contrast to most other OECD countries, Australia is a significant energy exporter, with nearly 68% of its total energy production exported in 2003–04 (excluding ur ...
... hydro-electric resources are limited by available water in one of the world’s most arid continents and nuclear power is not utilised. In contrast to most other OECD countries, Australia is a significant energy exporter, with nearly 68% of its total energy production exported in 2003–04 (excluding ur ...
Variations in Cloud Cover and Cloud Types over the Ocean from
... stations on land. However, geographical gradients are smaller over the ocean than over land. We have prepared a climatology of the distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over the global ocean, on a 58 3 58 latitude–longitude grid, as an update to supersede the cloud atlas of Warren ...
... stations on land. However, geographical gradients are smaller over the ocean than over land. We have prepared a climatology of the distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over the global ocean, on a 58 3 58 latitude–longitude grid, as an update to supersede the cloud atlas of Warren ...
Comparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial
... Holocene mechanisms, except for forcings linked to anthropogenic activity, are natural processes that should be active during all other interglacial periods as well. The confidence in the significance of these mechanisms during interglacials is quite different. Some of these processes are quantified in ...
... Holocene mechanisms, except for forcings linked to anthropogenic activity, are natural processes that should be active during all other interglacial periods as well. The confidence in the significance of these mechanisms during interglacials is quite different. Some of these processes are quantified in ...
UNDP Project Document - Global Environment Facility
... institutions that facilitate or constrain how human systems respond. Those with the least resources have the least capacity to adapt and are the most vulnerable.” 3. The CBA programme will apply the experience and lessons generated by the SGP to target highly vulnerable communities1 in ten countries ...
... institutions that facilitate or constrain how human systems respond. Those with the least resources have the least capacity to adapt and are the most vulnerable.” 3. The CBA programme will apply the experience and lessons generated by the SGP to target highly vulnerable communities1 in ten countries ...
Comparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial
... Holocene mechanisms, except for forcings linked to anthropogenic activity, are natural processes that should be active during all other interglacial periods as well. The confidence in the significance of these mechanisms during interglacials is quite different. Some of these processes are quantified in ...
... Holocene mechanisms, except for forcings linked to anthropogenic activity, are natural processes that should be active during all other interglacial periods as well. The confidence in the significance of these mechanisms during interglacials is quite different. Some of these processes are quantified in ...
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall in
... Climate change is a global concern. Global temperature is rising and it is projected that the global mean temperature will rise between 1.4 and 5.8 °C by the year 2100 [1,2]. The rising temperature affects all major components of hydrological systems: it induces change in precipitation pattern, enha ...
... Climate change is a global concern. Global temperature is rising and it is projected that the global mean temperature will rise between 1.4 and 5.8 °C by the year 2100 [1,2]. The rising temperature affects all major components of hydrological systems: it induces change in precipitation pattern, enha ...
Selected Tools to Evaluate Water Monitoring Networks for Climate
... climate change (the result of deliberate policy decisions based on an awareness of changing conditions) requires decision-makers to understand the degree to which a system is susceptible to and able to cope with adverse effects of climate change. Governments and water managers can use existing water ...
... climate change (the result of deliberate policy decisions based on an awareness of changing conditions) requires decision-makers to understand the degree to which a system is susceptible to and able to cope with adverse effects of climate change. Governments and water managers can use existing water ...
recent study
... A fast phasedown of high-GWP HFCs has the potential to prevent the equivalent of up to 8.8 Gt CO 2 per year in emissions by 2050.32 The proposed phasedown will avoid up to 0.5C of warming by 2100 under the high-HFC growth scenario, and up to 0.35C under the low-HFC growth scenario.33 A more ambiti ...
... A fast phasedown of high-GWP HFCs has the potential to prevent the equivalent of up to 8.8 Gt CO 2 per year in emissions by 2050.32 The proposed phasedown will avoid up to 0.5C of warming by 2100 under the high-HFC growth scenario, and up to 0.35C under the low-HFC growth scenario.33 A more ambiti ...
Electrochemical Acceleration of Chemical Weathering as an
... liquid phase beneath deep ocean sediments (14). All of the technologies to capture and store CO2 from large CO2 point sources can be applied to point sources that combust or gasify biomass. In such applications, capturing and storing the CO2 that is produced during the oxidation of biomass results i ...
... liquid phase beneath deep ocean sediments (14). All of the technologies to capture and store CO2 from large CO2 point sources can be applied to point sources that combust or gasify biomass. In such applications, capturing and storing the CO2 that is produced during the oxidation of biomass results i ...
The Implications of Global Climate Change for Mountain Gorilla
... charcoal, cooking, or clearing agricultural land creates air quality problems in some areas. 3. Manage for uncertainty. Because we can neither predict the rate of greenhouse gas emissions in the future, nor all of the responses that will occur in the climate, climate projections will always be uncer ...
... charcoal, cooking, or clearing agricultural land creates air quality problems in some areas. 3. Manage for uncertainty. Because we can neither predict the rate of greenhouse gas emissions in the future, nor all of the responses that will occur in the climate, climate projections will always be uncer ...
ENSO Effects on Land Skin Temperature Variations: A Global Study
... deforestation, and vegetation change. For example, temperature response in a large city caused by an El Niño event could be different from the change over a rural area [30]. When using a fine-mesh land model, Hahmann and Dickinson [31] found that tropical precipitation and mid-latitude surface tempe ...
... deforestation, and vegetation change. For example, temperature response in a large city caused by an El Niño event could be different from the change over a rural area [30]. When using a fine-mesh land model, Hahmann and Dickinson [31] found that tropical precipitation and mid-latitude surface tempe ...
Kerala State Action Plan on Climate Change
... responses keeping those in focus. As the foremost impact of the changing climatic pattern relates to the land and water resources, a system for monitoring will be the first imperative. Further, the information at global as well as local level would be needed to be analyzed for any strategy. This wil ...
... responses keeping those in focus. As the foremost impact of the changing climatic pattern relates to the land and water resources, a system for monitoring will be the first imperative. Further, the information at global as well as local level would be needed to be analyzed for any strategy. This wil ...
solas 2015-2025 - Surface Ocean
... SOLAS community has made important scientific discoveries, while also coming to understand the critical role of SOLAS science in many aspects of the human realm. Now, the need for continued coordination remains compelling, both to address new problems and to develop new approaches to persistent ques ...
... SOLAS community has made important scientific discoveries, while also coming to understand the critical role of SOLAS science in many aspects of the human realm. Now, the need for continued coordination remains compelling, both to address new problems and to develop new approaches to persistent ques ...
Examination of an Emerging Concept to Mitigate Climate Change
... biological (indirect) sequestration, such as projects that can be implemented by agricultural producers at the field level. 19 Furthermore, Congress may decide who is granted carbon offset ownership for biochar production (e.g., landlord, feedstock provider, production plant). Congress may examine t ...
... biological (indirect) sequestration, such as projects that can be implemented by agricultural producers at the field level. 19 Furthermore, Congress may decide who is granted carbon offset ownership for biochar production (e.g., landlord, feedstock provider, production plant). Congress may examine t ...
LCCARL299_en.pdf
... The following symbols have been used in this study: A full stop (.) is used to indicate decimals n.a. is used to indicated that data are not available The use of a hyphen (-) between years, for example, 2010-2019, signifies an annual average for the calendar years involved, including the beginning a ...
... The following symbols have been used in this study: A full stop (.) is used to indicate decimals n.a. is used to indicated that data are not available The use of a hyphen (-) between years, for example, 2010-2019, signifies an annual average for the calendar years involved, including the beginning a ...
Inequality and the Social Cost of CarbonThe authors would like to
... that is based on separate parameters for inequality aversion over time and inequality aversion between individuals or regions. In some ways this is a similar project to the disentangling of risk aversion and inter-temporal inequality aversion (Epstein and Zin, 1989), but for a different set of param ...
... that is based on separate parameters for inequality aversion over time and inequality aversion between individuals or regions. In some ways this is a similar project to the disentangling of risk aversion and inter-temporal inequality aversion (Epstein and Zin, 1989), but for a different set of param ...
2015 Emissions Gap Report
... Adaptation: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects. Additional ...
... Adaptation: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects. Additional ...
PDF
... aquaculture and the livelihoods and economies that depend on them have been receiving increasing attention. It is now recognized that sea-level rise, ocean acidification and changes in salinity, precipitation, groundwater and river flows, water stresses and extreme weather events are changing the pr ...
... aquaculture and the livelihoods and economies that depend on them have been receiving increasing attention. It is now recognized that sea-level rise, ocean acidification and changes in salinity, precipitation, groundwater and river flows, water stresses and extreme weather events are changing the pr ...
Solar radiation management
Solar radiation management (SRM) projects (proposed and theoretical) are a type of climate engineering which seek to reflect sunlight and thus reduce global warming. Proposed examples include the creation of stratospheric sulfate aerosols. They would not reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, and thus do not address problems such as ocean acidification caused by excess carbon dioxide (CO2). Their principal advantages as an approach to climate engineering is the speed with which they can be deployed and become fully active, as well as their potential low financial cost. By comparison, other climate engineering techniques based on greenhouse gas remediation, such as ocean iron fertilization, need to sequester the anthropogenic carbon excess before any reversal of global warming would occur. Solar radiation management projects can therefore be used as a climate engineering ""quick fix"" while levels of greenhouse gases can be brought under control by greenhouse gas remediation techniques.