Global Warming and Economic Externalities
... (mainly CO 2 ) concentrations given her (and everybody else's) consumption, production, and investment choices. Although she is aware of the collective consequences of her actions, she thinks her individual contribution to the overall result is negligible. Consequently, she will not reduce her produ ...
... (mainly CO 2 ) concentrations given her (and everybody else's) consumption, production, and investment choices. Although she is aware of the collective consequences of her actions, she thinks her individual contribution to the overall result is negligible. Consequently, she will not reduce her produ ...
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... beneficial to irrigated farms. These impacts vary by region and increase in damages with a longer timeframe. Farms in Northwest and Northeast China are expected to be most adversely affected. Erda (1996) indicates that, with adaptation to climate change, the annual agricultural loss could be US$0.8 ...
... beneficial to irrigated farms. These impacts vary by region and increase in damages with a longer timeframe. Farms in Northwest and Northeast China are expected to be most adversely affected. Erda (1996) indicates that, with adaptation to climate change, the annual agricultural loss could be US$0.8 ...
Mid- to Late Holocene climate change: an overview
... pollen, lake level and plant macrofossil data) to characterise millennial-scale climate changes at 3000-year intervals since the LGM, and used AGCM simulations to assess possible causes of the patterns (Kutzbach and Guetter, 1986; COHMAP Members, 1988; Wright et al., 1993). A key finding was that for ...
... pollen, lake level and plant macrofossil data) to characterise millennial-scale climate changes at 3000-year intervals since the LGM, and used AGCM simulations to assess possible causes of the patterns (Kutzbach and Guetter, 1986; COHMAP Members, 1988; Wright et al., 1993). A key finding was that for ...
Visualizing Future Climate in Latin America
... As indicated in the foreword, this report summarizes the results of the application of Earth Simulator runs to model future climate in Latin America as part of efforts to better understand climate trends. The document begins with an update of observed and impending climate impacts in Latin America, ...
... As indicated in the foreword, this report summarizes the results of the application of Earth Simulator runs to model future climate in Latin America as part of efforts to better understand climate trends. The document begins with an update of observed and impending climate impacts in Latin America, ...
Peatland Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
... Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. It is essential for sustaining the natural living systems or ecosystems that provide us with food, fuel, health, wealth, and other vital services. People are part of this biodiversity too and have the power to protect or destroy it. In the past and toda ...
... Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. It is essential for sustaining the natural living systems or ecosystems that provide us with food, fuel, health, wealth, and other vital services. People are part of this biodiversity too and have the power to protect or destroy it. In the past and toda ...
States Should Think Twice Before Refusing Any Response to EPA`s
... respond. The Act’s language in Section 111 is seemingly mandatory: states “shall submit to the Administrator” a plan which establishes standards of performance for existing sources. 10 However, courts have found the analogous language in Section 110 for state implementation plans to be directory, no ...
... respond. The Act’s language in Section 111 is seemingly mandatory: states “shall submit to the Administrator” a plan which establishes standards of performance for existing sources. 10 However, courts have found the analogous language in Section 110 for state implementation plans to be directory, no ...
A note on including climate change adaptation in an international
... only because of observed and projected climate change or to cope with climate variability (including extreme events in the current climate) (Def 2). Starting again from Def. 1, the definition can also be extended to measures for which the reduction in climate change vulnerability is only a co-benefi ...
... only because of observed and projected climate change or to cope with climate variability (including extreme events in the current climate) (Def 2). Starting again from Def. 1, the definition can also be extended to measures for which the reduction in climate change vulnerability is only a co-benefi ...
Module 2: The Legal Framework of the Disaster Risk Reduction and
... Among the first United Nations (UN) Resolutions recognizing the need for a framework on reduction, mitigation, prevention of and preparation for disaster risks is UN Resolution No. 46/182 which was issued during the 78 th plenary meeting on 19 December 1991. Later on 18-22 January 2005, the World Co ...
... Among the first United Nations (UN) Resolutions recognizing the need for a framework on reduction, mitigation, prevention of and preparation for disaster risks is UN Resolution No. 46/182 which was issued during the 78 th plenary meeting on 19 December 1991. Later on 18-22 January 2005, the World Co ...
(2003) Weed Management Guide: Orange Hawkweed (Hieracium
... conditions is presented, based on invader attributes and biogeography in combination with projections of future climate. We illustrate the framework using the CLIMEX niche model to identify future climate suitability for three species of Hawkweed that are currently present in the Australian Alps reg ...
... conditions is presented, based on invader attributes and biogeography in combination with projections of future climate. We illustrate the framework using the CLIMEX niche model to identify future climate suitability for three species of Hawkweed that are currently present in the Australian Alps reg ...
Separating Forced from Chaotic Climate Variability over the Past
... of East Anglia–Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Research Unit temperature, version 4 (HadCRUT4) instrumental data (Morice et al. 2012) from 1850 to 2000 as well. All reconstructions, except Christiansen and Ljungqvist (2011), show similar trends to the HadCRUT4 data over the instrumental period. Whe ...
... of East Anglia–Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Research Unit temperature, version 4 (HadCRUT4) instrumental data (Morice et al. 2012) from 1850 to 2000 as well. All reconstructions, except Christiansen and Ljungqvist (2011), show similar trends to the HadCRUT4 data over the instrumental period. Whe ...
Adaptation, migration or extirpation: climate change outcomes for
... sources, barriers to seed dispersal, and poor soil conditions. A growing array of correlative species distribution models (SDMs) is being used in combination with global circulation models (GCMs) to predict climate change-driven habitat shifts for a wide variety of taxa. The premise behind these mod ...
... sources, barriers to seed dispersal, and poor soil conditions. A growing array of correlative species distribution models (SDMs) is being used in combination with global circulation models (GCMs) to predict climate change-driven habitat shifts for a wide variety of taxa. The premise behind these mod ...
Technology in the UN Climate Change Negotiations: Moving Beyond Abstraction
... Our technological systems, critically our energy systems, lie at the heart of the climate change challenge, as essential contributors to economic development and social welfare, and as the principal source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions15. An important typology of technology was defined b ...
... Our technological systems, critically our energy systems, lie at the heart of the climate change challenge, as essential contributors to economic development and social welfare, and as the principal source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions15. An important typology of technology was defined b ...
100568 - Climate Change Adaptation NEW CS3.indd
... precipitation levels are forecast to increase by up to 40% by 2070 while summer precipitation levels are likely to decrease. Globally we have already seen a 0.7°C rise in temperature and this is set to rise as CO2 emissions will continue to increase from the current level of 430 parts per million (p ...
... precipitation levels are forecast to increase by up to 40% by 2070 while summer precipitation levels are likely to decrease. Globally we have already seen a 0.7°C rise in temperature and this is set to rise as CO2 emissions will continue to increase from the current level of 430 parts per million (p ...
Climate change in Australia | Southern and South
... businesses and the environment. Australia has already experienced increasing temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns and rising oceans. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2013) rigorously assessed the current state and future of the global climate sy ...
... businesses and the environment. Australia has already experienced increasing temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns and rising oceans. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2013) rigorously assessed the current state and future of the global climate sy ...
Altieri et al 2015
... carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere maybe positive for agriculture because they increase the rate of photosynthesis and water use efficiency (Fuhrer 2003). These effects are strongest for plants with the C3 photosynthetic pathway, which include crops such as wheat, rice, and soybean, who ...
... carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere maybe positive for agriculture because they increase the rate of photosynthesis and water use efficiency (Fuhrer 2003). These effects are strongest for plants with the C3 photosynthetic pathway, which include crops such as wheat, rice, and soybean, who ...
Eleven Antitheses on Cities and States
... The mainstream in climate science and policymaking is represented most publicly by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Climate Change Conferences (known as COP from ‘Conference of the Parties’ to the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change; the meeting ...
... The mainstream in climate science and policymaking is represented most publicly by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Climate Change Conferences (known as COP from ‘Conference of the Parties’ to the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change; the meeting ...
Introduction Long-Term Environmental Policy: Definition, Knowledge
... challenges, given the time inconsistency challenge mentioned above and the domestic and international political challenges discussed elsewhere in this special issue. Third, long-term environmental issues may engender a quest for institutional response options to prevent unwanted outcomes or to recov ...
... challenges, given the time inconsistency challenge mentioned above and the domestic and international political challenges discussed elsewhere in this special issue. Third, long-term environmental issues may engender a quest for institutional response options to prevent unwanted outcomes or to recov ...
Oceanographic Variability
... eastwards (Figure 4), resulting in warmer than average waters in the central and eastern Pacific, higher rainfall in that region, and cooler than average waters in the western Pacific. During La iña conditions – these are characterized by stronger Pacific Trade winds, the contraction of the warm po ...
... eastwards (Figure 4), resulting in warmer than average waters in the central and eastern Pacific, higher rainfall in that region, and cooler than average waters in the western Pacific. During La iña conditions – these are characterized by stronger Pacific Trade winds, the contraction of the warm po ...
The weather@home regional climate modelling project for Australia
... well as chaotic internal variability. Meanwhile, external forcings of climate can be either natural, such as explosive volcanic eruptions, or anthropogenic, such as greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels. Distinguishing between the responses to internal and external climate forcin ...
... well as chaotic internal variability. Meanwhile, external forcings of climate can be either natural, such as explosive volcanic eruptions, or anthropogenic, such as greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels. Distinguishing between the responses to internal and external climate forcin ...
Corporate Climate Action Strategy
... reduction and the transformation of this waste into a resource, and by valuing natural assets for their carbon sequestration potential. In order to respond to a changing climate, the RCAS also focuses on understanding the region’s vulnerabilities, preparing the region’s communities and ensuring that ...
... reduction and the transformation of this waste into a resource, and by valuing natural assets for their carbon sequestration potential. In order to respond to a changing climate, the RCAS also focuses on understanding the region’s vulnerabilities, preparing the region’s communities and ensuring that ...
(GHG) mitigation within the Agriculture and Forestry
... Over the past centuries the burning of fossil fuels, land use change, agriculture and industrial activities has increased the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide ((CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere. This has increased the global average temperatures b ...
... Over the past centuries the burning of fossil fuels, land use change, agriculture and industrial activities has increased the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide ((CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere. This has increased the global average temperatures b ...
Approaches for generating climate change scenarios for use in
... 3 (CMIP3) database (http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov). There are climate simulations of the 20th century driven by observed natural and anthropogenic factors, and simulations of the 21st century driven by three (B1, A1B and A2) greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions scenarios reported in the Special Report o ...
... 3 (CMIP3) database (http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov). There are climate simulations of the 20th century driven by observed natural and anthropogenic factors, and simulations of the 21st century driven by three (B1, A1B and A2) greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions scenarios reported in the Special Report o ...
American Meteorological Society Member Survey on Global
... The aim of the survey was to answer the following five research questions: RQ1: Do AMS members feel there is unproductive conflict about climate change within AMS? If so, what do they see as ...
... The aim of the survey was to answer the following five research questions: RQ1: Do AMS members feel there is unproductive conflict about climate change within AMS? If so, what do they see as ...
Assessment of impacts of agricultural and climate change scenarios
... climate change on surface water quantity and quality provides useful information for planning effective water, environmental and land use policies. Despite the significant impacts of agriculture on water quantity and quality, limited literature exists that describes the combined impacts of agricultu ...
... climate change on surface water quantity and quality provides useful information for planning effective water, environmental and land use policies. Despite the significant impacts of agriculture on water quantity and quality, limited literature exists that describes the combined impacts of agricultu ...
argue - DLR ELIB
... simplifications and uncertainties when they are applied. Indeed, the metrics themselves can serve as an important tool in communicating the state of knowledge and overall uncertainty. Finally, the nature of the metric depends on the nature of the problem being addressed – different climate policy goa ...
... simplifications and uncertainties when they are applied. Indeed, the metrics themselves can serve as an important tool in communicating the state of knowledge and overall uncertainty. Finally, the nature of the metric depends on the nature of the problem being addressed – different climate policy goa ...
Solar radiation management
Solar radiation management (SRM) projects (proposed and theoretical) are a type of climate engineering which seek to reflect sunlight and thus reduce global warming. Proposed examples include the creation of stratospheric sulfate aerosols. They would not reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, and thus do not address problems such as ocean acidification caused by excess carbon dioxide (CO2). Their principal advantages as an approach to climate engineering is the speed with which they can be deployed and become fully active, as well as their potential low financial cost. By comparison, other climate engineering techniques based on greenhouse gas remediation, such as ocean iron fertilization, need to sequester the anthropogenic carbon excess before any reversal of global warming would occur. Solar radiation management projects can therefore be used as a climate engineering ""quick fix"" while levels of greenhouse gases can be brought under control by greenhouse gas remediation techniques.