Heat and drought 2003 in Europe: a climate synthesis
... (Fig. 2) but all months from May to September were dry. Across wide areas, precipitation was below average from the beginning of the year and stayed largely below the long-term normal values much later. Freiburg, southwestern Germany, was in the relatively driest area in Europe in summer 2003 (Fig. ...
... (Fig. 2) but all months from May to September were dry. Across wide areas, precipitation was below average from the beginning of the year and stayed largely below the long-term normal values much later. Freiburg, southwestern Germany, was in the relatively driest area in Europe in summer 2003 (Fig. ...
Current impacts and vulnerability
... Most types of shrubland vegetation are confined to locations receiving more than 400 mm annual rainfall, with drier areas being limited to dwarf shrubland. Organic carbon stocks in the topsoil of natural shrublands are reduced by 36% in the southern compared to the northern part of the case-study ar ...
... Most types of shrubland vegetation are confined to locations receiving more than 400 mm annual rainfall, with drier areas being limited to dwarf shrubland. Organic carbon stocks in the topsoil of natural shrublands are reduced by 36% in the southern compared to the northern part of the case-study ar ...
Cutting the Knot
... underappreciated problem – we will benefit less and less from the cooling effect of these short-lived aerosols, as their short lives in the atmosphere, coupled with efforts to regulate both traditional air pollutants and greenhouse gases, will inevitably cause their concentrations to decline. In any ...
... underappreciated problem – we will benefit less and less from the cooling effect of these short-lived aerosols, as their short lives in the atmosphere, coupled with efforts to regulate both traditional air pollutants and greenhouse gases, will inevitably cause their concentrations to decline. In any ...
Climate and Biodiversity - Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
... a large scale could pull as much as 0.5 degree Celsius of temperature increase out of the climate change equation. That is an impressive amount compared to the 0.85 degree Celsius of climate temperature increase already experienced since the industrial revolution. It is also an important offset cons ...
... a large scale could pull as much as 0.5 degree Celsius of temperature increase out of the climate change equation. That is an impressive amount compared to the 0.85 degree Celsius of climate temperature increase already experienced since the industrial revolution. It is also an important offset cons ...
Can Climate Influence Cultural Development? A View through Time
... synchronism in a number of separate regions around the globe around 10,000 years ago.11 That this significant shift in cultural adaptation should occur at the end of a period of great climatic change, when forests had largely replaced grasslands and the climate was warmer and in many cases wetter, m ...
... synchronism in a number of separate regions around the globe around 10,000 years ago.11 That this significant shift in cultural adaptation should occur at the end of a period of great climatic change, when forests had largely replaced grasslands and the climate was warmer and in many cases wetter, m ...
Mechanisms for millennial-scale global synchronization during the
... which mostly affect the North Atlantic region. The model is freely available from http://www.knmi.nl/onderzk/CKO/ ecbilt.html. In the standard model setup an imbalance in the global, interannual freshwater budget is compensated globally for numerical reasons. However, in our experiment the imbalance ...
... which mostly affect the North Atlantic region. The model is freely available from http://www.knmi.nl/onderzk/CKO/ ecbilt.html. In the standard model setup an imbalance in the global, interannual freshwater budget is compensated globally for numerical reasons. However, in our experiment the imbalance ...
Likewise, any variation in weather or climatic conditions adversely
... ecosystems are the consequences of climate variability at a macro level Under this sub-theme, we need to understand and observe the changes in weather parameters as well as the changes in biotic and abiotic parameters around us. This will enable us to study the effect of weather/climate on ecosystem ...
... ecosystems are the consequences of climate variability at a macro level Under this sub-theme, we need to understand and observe the changes in weather parameters as well as the changes in biotic and abiotic parameters around us. This will enable us to study the effect of weather/climate on ecosystem ...
Paper 10: Climate Change Impacts on Coastal
... and islands, coastal ecosystems and their biodiversity are affected by changes in the processes that created and sustain them. They are intrinsically dynamic due to their exposure to alternate flooding and drying, winds, waves, tides, and storms. Organisms that inhabit coastal ecosystems are uniquel ...
... and islands, coastal ecosystems and their biodiversity are affected by changes in the processes that created and sustain them. They are intrinsically dynamic due to their exposure to alternate flooding and drying, winds, waves, tides, and storms. Organisms that inhabit coastal ecosystems are uniquel ...
PDF - BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change
... - Discounting in an asymmetric world L2.Climate and energy policies in Spain: side effects and industry-level impacts - Portfolios for a low carbon growth - A fourth dividend for renewable energy? L3.Investment under uncertainty: power utilities and climate policy - The appeal of energy efficiency: ...
... - Discounting in an asymmetric world L2.Climate and energy policies in Spain: side effects and industry-level impacts - Portfolios for a low carbon growth - A fourth dividend for renewable energy? L3.Investment under uncertainty: power utilities and climate policy - The appeal of energy efficiency: ...
Cutting the Knot
... underappreciated problem – we will benefit less and less from the cooling effect of these short-lived aerosols, as their short lives in the atmosphere, coupled with efforts to regulate both traditional air pollutants and greenhouse gases, will inevitably cause their concentrations to decline. In any ...
... underappreciated problem – we will benefit less and less from the cooling effect of these short-lived aerosols, as their short lives in the atmosphere, coupled with efforts to regulate both traditional air pollutants and greenhouse gases, will inevitably cause their concentrations to decline. In any ...
Discounting and climate change - a non-marginal policy choice
... capita on a path where greenhouse gas emissions are uncontrolled (i=b where b stands for ‘business-asusual’), resulting in climate change that has a non-marginal effect on consumption per capita and hence utility per capita both through the costs of adaptation and especially through residual impacts ...
... capita on a path where greenhouse gas emissions are uncontrolled (i=b where b stands for ‘business-asusual’), resulting in climate change that has a non-marginal effect on consumption per capita and hence utility per capita both through the costs of adaptation and especially through residual impacts ...
Climate Change and Forest Disturbances
... in the United States The Earth has experienced cycles of temperature and precipitation change on a geological scale, but recent evidence points to a large anthropogenic component to current global climate changes (Houghton et al. 1996). Analyses of the last 100 years of climate data for the cotermin ...
... in the United States The Earth has experienced cycles of temperature and precipitation change on a geological scale, but recent evidence points to a large anthropogenic component to current global climate changes (Houghton et al. 1996). Analyses of the last 100 years of climate data for the cotermin ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE CLIMATE POLICY DILEMMA Robert S. Pindyck
... The discount rate used to do this, which I will denote by δ, is called the pure rate of time preference, but since we are looking at welfare for society as a whole, we will call it the social rate of time preference. What is the “correct” value for this discount rate? We know from a broad range of s ...
... The discount rate used to do this, which I will denote by δ, is called the pure rate of time preference, but since we are looking at welfare for society as a whole, we will call it the social rate of time preference. What is the “correct” value for this discount rate? We know from a broad range of s ...
Polar Sea Ice - cloudfront.net
... more energy absorbed during the day than is lost at night. Overall, maximum average summer temperatures typically lag one to two months after the maximum sun elevation. The maximum temperature is reached when the outgoing, night-time radiation finally equals the incoming daytime radiation (when the ...
... more energy absorbed during the day than is lost at night. Overall, maximum average summer temperatures typically lag one to two months after the maximum sun elevation. The maximum temperature is reached when the outgoing, night-time radiation finally equals the incoming daytime radiation (when the ...
The business case for action - BASIC
... • Policies based firmly on good science and rational economics • Policy frameworks that use market-based mechanisms offer the best hope for unleashing needed innovation and competition • Solutions must be global • Integrated approach to the problem and its solutions is critically important – Busines ...
... • Policies based firmly on good science and rational economics • Policy frameworks that use market-based mechanisms offer the best hope for unleashing needed innovation and competition • Solutions must be global • Integrated approach to the problem and its solutions is critically important – Busines ...
The business case for action
... • Policies based firmly on good science and rational economics • Policy frameworks that use market-based mechanisms offer the best hope for unleashing needed innovation and competition • Solutions must be global • Integrated approach to the problem and its solutions is critically important – Busines ...
... • Policies based firmly on good science and rational economics • Policy frameworks that use market-based mechanisms offer the best hope for unleashing needed innovation and competition • Solutions must be global • Integrated approach to the problem and its solutions is critically important – Busines ...
- Wiley Online Library
... soil moisture and irrigation have a direct influence on evaporation which can be linked to precipitation (Boucher et al., 2004; Notaro, 2008). Land cover change (LCC) can affect local scale wind patterns and moisture convergence, and fire has both the immediate effects of thermal convection and aero ...
... soil moisture and irrigation have a direct influence on evaporation which can be linked to precipitation (Boucher et al., 2004; Notaro, 2008). Land cover change (LCC) can affect local scale wind patterns and moisture convergence, and fire has both the immediate effects of thermal convection and aero ...
Waterborne transport, ports and waterways: A review of
... Significant changes in climate and their impacts are visible regionally, and are expected to become more pronounced in the next decades. Since the industrial age a global average temperature increase of about 0.6° C has occurred (Figure 1.1, top). The assumptions, definitions and findings of the 4th as ...
... Significant changes in climate and their impacts are visible regionally, and are expected to become more pronounced in the next decades. Since the industrial age a global average temperature increase of about 0.6° C has occurred (Figure 1.1, top). The assumptions, definitions and findings of the 4th as ...
Pope Benedict XVI
... requires a religious respect for the integrity of creation." Catechism of the Catholic Church, No. 2415 ...
... requires a religious respect for the integrity of creation." Catechism of the Catholic Church, No. 2415 ...
Consequences of treeline shifts for the diversity and
... et al., 2008), whereby establishment of tree seedlings above the treeline promotes further establishment by creating more favorable microclimate conditions (Smith et al., 2003; Bekker, 2005; Resler et al., 2005). Consequently, there will be considerable variability in the response of treelines to ch ...
... et al., 2008), whereby establishment of tree seedlings above the treeline promotes further establishment by creating more favorable microclimate conditions (Smith et al., 2003; Bekker, 2005; Resler et al., 2005). Consequently, there will be considerable variability in the response of treelines to ch ...
carbon pricing - The Climate Group
... http://science.time.com/2013/01/29/obama-talkOs-climate-change-california-is-acting-on-it ...
... http://science.time.com/2013/01/29/obama-talkOs-climate-change-california-is-acting-on-it ...
Cumming and Van Vuuren 2006
... In this paper we use a set of climate scenarios developed using the 2.2 (Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment, version 2.2) model. 2.2 is a global integrated assessment model that was developed to explore elements of the causal chain of global environmental change (Alcamo et ...
... In this paper we use a set of climate scenarios developed using the 2.2 (Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment, version 2.2) model. 2.2 is a global integrated assessment model that was developed to explore elements of the causal chain of global environmental change (Alcamo et ...
Document
... Atmospheric CO2 will double relative to pre-Industrial levels in the next 100 years or so. Methane already has doubled. ...
... Atmospheric CO2 will double relative to pre-Industrial levels in the next 100 years or so. Methane already has doubled. ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""