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... and basic magnitudes. Second, we allow the exogenous processes that govern the dynamics of the model to behave stochastically. We will present stochastic labour-augmenting technology growth as an example. Third, we will include uncertainties in the way individuals (social planner) learn from the pas ...
... and basic magnitudes. Second, we allow the exogenous processes that govern the dynamics of the model to behave stochastically. We will present stochastic labour-augmenting technology growth as an example. Third, we will include uncertainties in the way individuals (social planner) learn from the pas ...
Fossil Fuel Employment and Public Opinion about Climate Change
... old job or getting a new one. As a consequence, reduced attention is paid to less basic needs such as environmental safety. Based on Maslow’s theory it can thus be expected that individual preferences regarding climate change depend in part on an individual’s economic situation. C ...
... old job or getting a new one. As a consequence, reduced attention is paid to less basic needs such as environmental safety. Based on Maslow’s theory it can thus be expected that individual preferences regarding climate change depend in part on an individual’s economic situation. C ...
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... 1. Coupled human–biophysical systems We have entered an unprecedented era with regard to the impact of human actions on the Earth’s biophysical systems. Humans have always acted in ways that affect their surroundings (Turner et al., 1990), but only recently have anthropogenic drivers become major fa ...
... 1. Coupled human–biophysical systems We have entered an unprecedented era with regard to the impact of human actions on the Earth’s biophysical systems. Humans have always acted in ways that affect their surroundings (Turner et al., 1990), but only recently have anthropogenic drivers become major fa ...
Climate sensitivity of shrub growth across the tundra biome
... Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Forest Resources and Climate Unit, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra VA, Italy. 5 Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540, USA. 6 Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Ernst- ...
... Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Forest Resources and Climate Unit, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra VA, Italy. 5 Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540, USA. 6 Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Ernst- ...
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Agriculture
... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Agriculture Greenhouse gases (GHGs) absorb infrared radiation and cause the greenhouse effect, which warms the Earth.1 GHGs are both natural gases, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide, as well as human-made gases, including chloro- and ...
... Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Agriculture Greenhouse gases (GHGs) absorb infrared radiation and cause the greenhouse effect, which warms the Earth.1 GHGs are both natural gases, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide, as well as human-made gases, including chloro- and ...
Psychological research and global climate change
... observable conditions (including environmental risks, such as air pollution) typically influence concerns more than distant ones, such as climate change18. Yet global warming beliefs also influence assessment of changes in local climatic conditions: for example, national survey data from the USA rev ...
... observable conditions (including environmental risks, such as air pollution) typically influence concerns more than distant ones, such as climate change18. Yet global warming beliefs also influence assessment of changes in local climatic conditions: for example, national survey data from the USA rev ...
Today, we continue our work on understanding the outlooks
... large-scale social change have been dramatic and controversial affairs in the lives of societies, at least since the French revolution of 1789 – think of the Chinese and Russian revolutions, Cuba, Iran, and the fall of the Berlin Wall, for a start. The twentieth century was fundamentally shaped by t ...
... large-scale social change have been dramatic and controversial affairs in the lives of societies, at least since the French revolution of 1789 – think of the Chinese and Russian revolutions, Cuba, Iran, and the fall of the Berlin Wall, for a start. The twentieth century was fundamentally shaped by t ...
Gregory and Forster - University of Leeds
... response (TCR, DT at the time of doubled CO2 under the 1% CO2 scenario). Disregarding any trend caused by natural forcing (volcanic and solar), which is small compared with the trend in anthropogenic forcing, we estimate that the real-world TCR is 1.3–2.3 K (5–95% uncertainty range) from the data of ...
... response (TCR, DT at the time of doubled CO2 under the 1% CO2 scenario). Disregarding any trend caused by natural forcing (volcanic and solar), which is small compared with the trend in anthropogenic forcing, we estimate that the real-world TCR is 1.3–2.3 K (5–95% uncertainty range) from the data of ...
Climate Change and Energy: Issues and Prospect for
... For example, CO2 emissions from the energy system were 78 million tonnes (MTon) in 1980, 83 MTon in 1985, 90 MTon in 1990 and 98 MTon in 1995. This implied that between 1980 and 1995, CO2 emissions increased at an annual average rate of 1.5%. At this rate, CO2 emission would be 106, 114 and 123 MTon ...
... For example, CO2 emissions from the energy system were 78 million tonnes (MTon) in 1980, 83 MTon in 1985, 90 MTon in 1990 and 98 MTon in 1995. This implied that between 1980 and 1995, CO2 emissions increased at an annual average rate of 1.5%. At this rate, CO2 emission would be 106, 114 and 123 MTon ...
Images are courtesy of the National Snow and Ice Data Center
... AP (and decreasing of sea-ice volume in the sea-ice edge region) intensifies. This result suggests that recent observed sea-ice trend around the AP could be associated to anthropogenic forcings. ...
... AP (and decreasing of sea-ice volume in the sea-ice edge region) intensifies. This result suggests that recent observed sea-ice trend around the AP could be associated to anthropogenic forcings. ...
Climate variability and change: a perspective from the oceania region
... responsible for climate change. The method was applied to the change in the temperature structure of the atmosphere between the 20 year periods 1949–68 and 1975–94. The external forcing function is largely zonally symmetric, consistent with large scale processes such as forcing due to increasing gre ...
... responsible for climate change. The method was applied to the change in the temperature structure of the atmosphere between the 20 year periods 1949–68 and 1975–94. The external forcing function is largely zonally symmetric, consistent with large scale processes such as forcing due to increasing gre ...
Assessment of Climate Change Impacts in Greece: A General
... 3. Description of the Study Area Greece, located in southern Europe, has a typical Mediterranean climate, with humid winter periods and dry summer periods. The water districts presented in the study, from north to south, are the water district of Western Macedonia, Thessaly and Western Sterea. More ...
... 3. Description of the Study Area Greece, located in southern Europe, has a typical Mediterranean climate, with humid winter periods and dry summer periods. The water districts presented in the study, from north to south, are the water district of Western Macedonia, Thessaly and Western Sterea. More ...
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... need to pay special attention to adaptation and its potential role in modifying climate vulnerabilities in different countries and to the distribution of adaptation costs (Ott et al., 2008). Climate vulnerabilities are not evenly distributed and the greatest vulnerabilities lie in countries that hav ...
... need to pay special attention to adaptation and its potential role in modifying climate vulnerabilities in different countries and to the distribution of adaptation costs (Ott et al., 2008). Climate vulnerabilities are not evenly distributed and the greatest vulnerabilities lie in countries that hav ...
Effects of Man-Made Air Pollution on the Climate Teruyuki N
... drawing recent intensive attention from the climate study community. One of the significant effects of man-made air pollution is its generation of fine aerosol particles, which further cause an earth’s climate change through various processes as aerosol direct radiative effect, indirect radiative ef ...
... drawing recent intensive attention from the climate study community. One of the significant effects of man-made air pollution is its generation of fine aerosol particles, which further cause an earth’s climate change through various processes as aerosol direct radiative effect, indirect radiative ef ...
ece11 Funke 16512079 en
... Over the last decades, climate models have been developed to an impressive level of complexity. Over a similar period, there has been growing interest in the uncertainty of future climate scenarios. Future climate projections are uncertain because both the initial conditions and the computational re ...
... Over the last decades, climate models have been developed to an impressive level of complexity. Over a similar period, there has been growing interest in the uncertainty of future climate scenarios. Future climate projections are uncertain because both the initial conditions and the computational re ...
responding to changes in nature
... global greenhouse gas emissions due to human activities have grown since preindustrial times, with an increase of 70 per cent between 1970 and 2004; ...
... global greenhouse gas emissions due to human activities have grown since preindustrial times, with an increase of 70 per cent between 1970 and 2004; ...
Market and Non-market Mechanisms for Promoting Cost
... • Safeguards to environmental integrity: The framework for various approaches should consist of adequate safeguards of environmental integrity. As one of the regions which stands to lose the most from climate change, this should be an overriding objective of the framework; • it is important to ackno ...
... • Safeguards to environmental integrity: The framework for various approaches should consist of adequate safeguards of environmental integrity. As one of the regions which stands to lose the most from climate change, this should be an overriding objective of the framework; • it is important to ackno ...
Environmental prices, uncertainty, and learning
... the structure of the problem and how to model it. A further complication is the second-best nature of real environmental policy making. In this paper, we propose some practical steps for setting prices in the face of these difficulties, drawing on the example of climate change. We consider how to de ...
... the structure of the problem and how to model it. A further complication is the second-best nature of real environmental policy making. In this paper, we propose some practical steps for setting prices in the face of these difficulties, drawing on the example of climate change. We consider how to de ...
The Northern Edge Study Guide: Climate Change
... She says that ʺour region is the globe’s barometer of climate change, and Inuit are the mercury in that barometer. Protect the Arctic and you will save the planet,ʺ she said. ʺUse us as your early warning system. Use our stories as vehicles to reconnect us all so that we can understand the people an ...
... She says that ʺour region is the globe’s barometer of climate change, and Inuit are the mercury in that barometer. Protect the Arctic and you will save the planet,ʺ she said. ʺUse us as your early warning system. Use our stories as vehicles to reconnect us all so that we can understand the people an ...
![The impact of climate change on children[6]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/010087075_1-c007715022f7097bf945cf5303e872da-300x300.png)
The impact of climate change on children[6]
... Existing high levels of poverty and inequality will be a key driver in determining exposure to climate change and its impacts. The vast majority of climate change’s negative impacts will fall on poor children and their communities in developing countries. This is partly because many of these countri ...
... Existing high levels of poverty and inequality will be a key driver in determining exposure to climate change and its impacts. The vast majority of climate change’s negative impacts will fall on poor children and their communities in developing countries. This is partly because many of these countri ...
Text S1: Models, Climate Change Scenario Linkages, and
... corresponding to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s A2 scenario. This scenario was constructed using downscaled projections for 2050 from three models from the IPCC reports: PCM, CSIRO and HADCM3. The GCM projections were further processed using the WATBAL rainfall-runoff model develope ...
... corresponding to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s A2 scenario. This scenario was constructed using downscaled projections for 2050 from three models from the IPCC reports: PCM, CSIRO and HADCM3. The GCM projections were further processed using the WATBAL rainfall-runoff model develope ...
Current impacts and vulnerability
... Most types of shrubland vegetation are confined to locations receiving more than 400 mm annual rainfall, with drier areas being limited to dwarf shrubland. Organic carbon stocks in the topsoil of natural shrublands are reduced by 36% in the southern compared to the northern part of the case-study ar ...
... Most types of shrubland vegetation are confined to locations receiving more than 400 mm annual rainfall, with drier areas being limited to dwarf shrubland. Organic carbon stocks in the topsoil of natural shrublands are reduced by 36% in the southern compared to the northern part of the case-study ar ...
ground has gas teacher
... If you dig through soil, you’ll notice that soil is not hard like a rock, but contains many air pockets between soil grains. These spaces in the soil contain gases, which together are called the soil atmosphere. The soil atmosphere contains the same gases as the atmosphere that surrounds us above gr ...
... If you dig through soil, you’ll notice that soil is not hard like a rock, but contains many air pockets between soil grains. These spaces in the soil contain gases, which together are called the soil atmosphere. The soil atmosphere contains the same gases as the atmosphere that surrounds us above gr ...
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... A key challenge today’s policy makers are facing concerns the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions; the major cause of climate change. If emissions continue to grow as they have over the last century, the consequences on the ecologic and human systems could be daunting. This is the economic reaso ...
... A key challenge today’s policy makers are facing concerns the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions; the major cause of climate change. If emissions continue to grow as they have over the last century, the consequences on the ecologic and human systems could be daunting. This is the economic reaso ...
All Climate Change is Local: Understanding and Predicting the
... subsequent damage to organisms and ecosystems.13 It thus may be possible to identify locations where impacts will be comparatively minimal (“refugia”), at least in the short-term (i.e., twenty to fifty years), and, conversely, where changes will be most dramatic over the same time period. Identifica ...
... subsequent damage to organisms and ecosystems.13 It thus may be possible to identify locations where impacts will be comparatively minimal (“refugia”), at least in the short-term (i.e., twenty to fifty years), and, conversely, where changes will be most dramatic over the same time period. Identifica ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""