What to Do about Climate Change Executive Summary by Indur M. Goklany
... Change was commissioned from Nicholas Stern, the erstwhile chief economist of the World Bank, by the then-chancellor of the exchequer, Gordon Brown, on behalf of the British government. It was released on October 30, 2006. The Stern Review estimated that unmitigated climate change will reduce welfar ...
... Change was commissioned from Nicholas Stern, the erstwhile chief economist of the World Bank, by the then-chancellor of the exchequer, Gordon Brown, on behalf of the British government. It was released on October 30, 2006. The Stern Review estimated that unmitigated climate change will reduce welfar ...
The sensitivity of carbon fluxes to spring warming and summer
... either anomalously low precipitation or anomalously high temperature that increases evapotranspiration) cause both GPP and Re to decline (Ciais et al., 2005; Kljun et al., 2006). There is still debate about whether GPP or Re is most adversely affected by drought and thus the sign of the net ecosyste ...
... either anomalously low precipitation or anomalously high temperature that increases evapotranspiration) cause both GPP and Re to decline (Ciais et al., 2005; Kljun et al., 2006). There is still debate about whether GPP or Re is most adversely affected by drought and thus the sign of the net ecosyste ...
Compounds, creativity and complexity in climate change
... their environments, or more radically, how organisms co-evolve with their environments. The evolutionary ecology of compounds would similarly study how such linguistic devices emerge, get adopted and adapted, change and co-evolve in contextual use. Their study would provide some initial insights int ...
... their environments, or more radically, how organisms co-evolve with their environments. The evolutionary ecology of compounds would similarly study how such linguistic devices emerge, get adopted and adapted, change and co-evolve in contextual use. Their study would provide some initial insights int ...
Adaptation Research Program - Department of Agriculture and
... Generally, under elevated CO2 conditions and where water is not substantially limiting, many of the ‘adaptation traits’ that are currently utilised in wheat, still generate the same rankings among wheat genotypes, i.e. breeders will still be able to deploy useful traits in elevated CO2 environments. ...
... Generally, under elevated CO2 conditions and where water is not substantially limiting, many of the ‘adaptation traits’ that are currently utilised in wheat, still generate the same rankings among wheat genotypes, i.e. breeders will still be able to deploy useful traits in elevated CO2 environments. ...
Modeling Climate Change Impacts on Viti Levu (Fiji) and Aitutaki
... proposals, were supported by the AIACC project with funding, technical assistance, mentoring and training. The network of AIACC regional teams also assisted each other through collaborations to share methods, data, climate change scenarios and expertise. More than 340 scientists, experts and student ...
... proposals, were supported by the AIACC project with funding, technical assistance, mentoring and training. The network of AIACC regional teams also assisted each other through collaborations to share methods, data, climate change scenarios and expertise. More than 340 scientists, experts and student ...
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... probability of a particular choice being made with respect to a unit change in an independent variable. In all the cases, the estimated coefficients should be compared with the base category of no adaptation. The marginal effects along with the levels of statistical significance are presented in Tab ...
... probability of a particular choice being made with respect to a unit change in an independent variable. In all the cases, the estimated coefficients should be compared with the base category of no adaptation. The marginal effects along with the levels of statistical significance are presented in Tab ...
After Kyoto: Approaches to Climate Change Mitigation Post-2012
... reduced) to deliver further development in less economically developed nations and so reveal more opportunities for least-cost abatement. In addition, a multistage approach to the allocation of emissions reduction targets, which determines a range of different commitments for different countries dep ...
... reduced) to deliver further development in less economically developed nations and so reveal more opportunities for least-cost abatement. In addition, a multistage approach to the allocation of emissions reduction targets, which determines a range of different commitments for different countries dep ...
Climate: Observations, projections and impacts: Saudi Arabia
... amount of information about past climate change and its future impacts has been available at ...
... amount of information about past climate change and its future impacts has been available at ...
1.5.5.1 OSPAR climate request - The Quality Status Report 2010
... There is ample circumstantial evidence that global climate change is affecting many aspects of life on this planet. However, as scientific effort becomes directed at questions regarding the evidence for changes to the earth’s climate and effects of those changes on the earth’s ecosystem, the evidenc ...
... There is ample circumstantial evidence that global climate change is affecting many aspects of life on this planet. However, as scientific effort becomes directed at questions regarding the evidence for changes to the earth’s climate and effects of those changes on the earth’s ecosystem, the evidenc ...
Summer Season Water Temperature Modeling under the Climate
... of Canada (PCIC). PCIC provides two downscaling methods, which are optimized for the North American continent: Bias Correction Spatial Disaggregation (BCSD) [51] with monthly time scale and Bias Correction Constructed Analogs (BCCA) [52] with daily time scale. Daily scenarios downscaled with the lat ...
... of Canada (PCIC). PCIC provides two downscaling methods, which are optimized for the North American continent: Bias Correction Spatial Disaggregation (BCSD) [51] with monthly time scale and Bias Correction Constructed Analogs (BCCA) [52] with daily time scale. Daily scenarios downscaled with the lat ...
the relationships between marine phytoplankton
... consequence, less DMS is released by the marine phytoplankton and this, in turn, reduces the production of clouds, closing the negative feedback mechanism. This is, in sum, the mechanism proposed by the CLAW hypothesis. Today, we know more about the details of this process (Ayers & Cainey, 2007). Th ...
... consequence, less DMS is released by the marine phytoplankton and this, in turn, reduces the production of clouds, closing the negative feedback mechanism. This is, in sum, the mechanism proposed by the CLAW hypothesis. Today, we know more about the details of this process (Ayers & Cainey, 2007). Th ...
Impact of climate change on ozone related mortality and morbidity in
... Ozone is one of the most important air pollutants. Ozone is formed in photochemical reactions, with concentrations affected by weather and the supply of chemical precursors, including nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO). Climate change ...
... Ozone is one of the most important air pollutants. Ozone is formed in photochemical reactions, with concentrations affected by weather and the supply of chemical precursors, including nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO). Climate change ...
Ocean Acidification
... that certain experiments “require rigorous operator control and have time intensive set up and calibration routines” (Waters, 2012, p.15). Rérolle et al. (2012) presented three core methods of measuring pH of seawater which this paper will brief on and discuss advantages and disadvantages. The first ...
... that certain experiments “require rigorous operator control and have time intensive set up and calibration routines” (Waters, 2012, p.15). Rérolle et al. (2012) presented three core methods of measuring pH of seawater which this paper will brief on and discuss advantages and disadvantages. The first ...
A Review of Climate Change Induced Effects on Avian Prey Species
... in the north (Retrieved from Hilmarsson, 2011). See Appendix for figure key. 5.0 CLIMATE CHANGE IN ICELAND 5.1 General Overview Climate change is occurring more rapidly at higher latitudes (IPCC, 2013). Over the 20th century, the Arctic experienced twice as much warming as the global average, or abo ...
... in the north (Retrieved from Hilmarsson, 2011). See Appendix for figure key. 5.0 CLIMATE CHANGE IN ICELAND 5.1 General Overview Climate change is occurring more rapidly at higher latitudes (IPCC, 2013). Over the 20th century, the Arctic experienced twice as much warming as the global average, or abo ...
Diagnosing Present and Future Permafrost from Climate Models
... et al. 2006), and Tibet (Cheng and Wu 2007). Ground temperatures are warming across the majority of permafrost regions (Romanovsky et al. 2010) and occasionally large rapid changes are seen (Oberman 2008). Although observations of ground temperature are limited in space, there is a strong indication ...
... et al. 2006), and Tibet (Cheng and Wu 2007). Ground temperatures are warming across the majority of permafrost regions (Romanovsky et al. 2010) and occasionally large rapid changes are seen (Oberman 2008). Although observations of ground temperature are limited in space, there is a strong indication ...
The Challenge of Climate Change Adaptation:
... With rare exceptions, recent years rank at the top of the list of the warmest global temperatures, 7 and depending on future emissions and climate sensitivity, the world will end up 2 – 7 ˚C warmer than it is today. 8 Temperature change in the arctic will be about twice as large. 9 Even warming of 2 ...
... With rare exceptions, recent years rank at the top of the list of the warmest global temperatures, 7 and depending on future emissions and climate sensitivity, the world will end up 2 – 7 ˚C warmer than it is today. 8 Temperature change in the arctic will be about twice as large. 9 Even warming of 2 ...
Economics - American Association of Wine Economists
... reaches back to 1958. Since the first measurement of 315 parts per million (ppm) in 1958, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has steadily grown to 398 ppm (February 2014; NOAA, 2014). Studies with a variety of plants have shown that CO2 stimulates photosynthesis and plant growth. This could also be c ...
... reaches back to 1958. Since the first measurement of 315 parts per million (ppm) in 1958, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has steadily grown to 398 ppm (February 2014; NOAA, 2014). Studies with a variety of plants have shown that CO2 stimulates photosynthesis and plant growth. This could also be c ...
Climate change mitigation related to Tanzanian forests Key factors
... the whole of Tanzania in less than one year (given that field data are measured during the same period). We may even be able to break the estimate down into regional partial estimates. 2. In addition we should select one of the three "ecosystems" as an object for detailed ...
... the whole of Tanzania in less than one year (given that field data are measured during the same period). We may even be able to break the estimate down into regional partial estimates. 2. In addition we should select one of the three "ecosystems" as an object for detailed ...
Bradford, Mark A., et al. "Climate fails to predict wood decomposition
... is still assumed limited across broad climate gradients12 . A core reason for this assumption is that climate is considered a primary control on the activity of decomposers. As such, across climate gradients, mean temperature and moisture availability are assumed to explain much of the variation in ...
... is still assumed limited across broad climate gradients12 . A core reason for this assumption is that climate is considered a primary control on the activity of decomposers. As such, across climate gradients, mean temperature and moisture availability are assumed to explain much of the variation in ...
Plans for the 2010 WMO/UNEP
... Benefits to the ozone layer of many options to further reduce ODS have been evaluated Percent reductions in integrated Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine (EESC) ...
... Benefits to the ozone layer of many options to further reduce ODS have been evaluated Percent reductions in integrated Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine (EESC) ...
Adaptation to climate change in Israel
... per decade, a reduction in rainfall of 1.1%-3.7%, an increase in the frequency and intensity of heats waves and extreme events such as floods and droughts, and an increase in the probability of forest fires in the Mediterranean region over the next fifty years. In practice, the past four decades hav ...
... per decade, a reduction in rainfall of 1.1%-3.7%, an increase in the frequency and intensity of heats waves and extreme events such as floods and droughts, and an increase in the probability of forest fires in the Mediterranean region over the next fifty years. In practice, the past four decades hav ...
Climate Security and Justice for Small Island Developing States
... without extensive legal reform.24 Indeed, even if an island state lost its “effective statehood” on the ground because of climate change, other states would be morally constrained in sanctioning its death, not least because it was their collective action that caused climate change.25 ...
... without extensive legal reform.24 Indeed, even if an island state lost its “effective statehood” on the ground because of climate change, other states would be morally constrained in sanctioning its death, not least because it was their collective action that caused climate change.25 ...
Item 9 Climate and Greenhouse Gases Baseline Report
... Climate is the statistical average and variability of meteorological phenomena in a region over an extended period of time. Climate is an important variable in the atmospheric environment for many reasons, including its impact on the atmospheric fate and transport of constituents such as air contami ...
... Climate is the statistical average and variability of meteorological phenomena in a region over an extended period of time. Climate is an important variable in the atmospheric environment for many reasons, including its impact on the atmospheric fate and transport of constituents such as air contami ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""