- Wiley Online Library
... rainfall near the Mediterranean coast was ∼290 mm, compared to an observed value of ∼550 mm (Evans, 2009). In another study where RegCM (50 km resolution) was driven by boundary conditions based on HadCM3, the winter precipitation in Israel and western Jordan ranged from less than 100 mm to ∼250 mm ...
... rainfall near the Mediterranean coast was ∼290 mm, compared to an observed value of ∼550 mm (Evans, 2009). In another study where RegCM (50 km resolution) was driven by boundary conditions based on HadCM3, the winter precipitation in Israel and western Jordan ranged from less than 100 mm to ∼250 mm ...
Climate Change, Sea-Level Rise and the Vulnerability of
... followed four glacial cycles (IPCC, 2007, Ch. 6), which are believed to be driven by small changes of the Earth's orbital parameters causing subtle changes in the amount and timing of incoming solar radiation. This small effect is amplified by processes such as changes in the reflectivity of the gro ...
... followed four glacial cycles (IPCC, 2007, Ch. 6), which are believed to be driven by small changes of the Earth's orbital parameters causing subtle changes in the amount and timing of incoming solar radiation. This small effect is amplified by processes such as changes in the reflectivity of the gro ...
White Paper on the Ethical Dimensions of Climate Change
... for several decades with scientific interest growing rapidly since the late 1970s when measurements of atmospheric GHG levels were determined to be rising in proportion to the use of fossil fuel around the world. ...
... for several decades with scientific interest growing rapidly since the late 1970s when measurements of atmospheric GHG levels were determined to be rising in proportion to the use of fossil fuel around the world. ...
International Geographical Union Regional Conference, Chile 2011
... significant threat to biodiversity, ecosystems and the goods and services they provide. The projected changes in temperature and CO2 concentration may alter growth and reproduction in both plants and animals. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its summary report has estimated huge loss ...
... significant threat to biodiversity, ecosystems and the goods and services they provide. The projected changes in temperature and CO2 concentration may alter growth and reproduction in both plants and animals. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its summary report has estimated huge loss ...
Climate Change Impact on Public Health in the Russian Arctic
... Climate change is also affecting Russia. The average annual temperature for 2007 was 2.1С higher than the historical average since 1886 [Report on the Peculiarities of Climate in Russia…, 2008]. Some of the fastest and most significant climate changes are taking place in the Arctic, resulting in mel ...
... Climate change is also affecting Russia. The average annual temperature for 2007 was 2.1С higher than the historical average since 1886 [Report on the Peculiarities of Climate in Russia…, 2008]. Some of the fastest and most significant climate changes are taking place in the Arctic, resulting in mel ...
The age of consequences—the foreign policy and national security
... land-based polar ice sheets, an associated dramatic rise in global sea levels, and the destruction beyond repair of the existing natural order. For each of the three plausible climate scenarios, we asked a national security expert to consider the projected environmental effects of global warming and ...
... land-based polar ice sheets, an associated dramatic rise in global sea levels, and the destruction beyond repair of the existing natural order. For each of the three plausible climate scenarios, we asked a national security expert to consider the projected environmental effects of global warming and ...
Coral bleaching - Fiji National University | E
... • Actually it was interesting to learn more about our ecosystem especially Coral. My own view is that we need to keep our Oceans free from all hazzards since for us here in Fiji, Coral is a source of income. Ask me why? Because one of our most source of economy is tourism and this natural beauty cor ...
... • Actually it was interesting to learn more about our ecosystem especially Coral. My own view is that we need to keep our Oceans free from all hazzards since for us here in Fiji, Coral is a source of income. Ask me why? Because one of our most source of economy is tourism and this natural beauty cor ...
Whangarei District Climate Change Constraints Report
... The theory underpinning anthropogenic climate change, put very simplistically, is that increased emissions of so-called greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and so on) into the atmosphere traps more energy from solar sources which, in turn, can raise global temperatures. As global temperature r ...
... The theory underpinning anthropogenic climate change, put very simplistically, is that increased emissions of so-called greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and so on) into the atmosphere traps more energy from solar sources which, in turn, can raise global temperatures. As global temperature r ...
complete collection in -format
... Health experts are becoming more and more concerned about potential impact on public health if no precautionary measures are taken to deal with these global environmental problems. This paper focuses on the role that international law can play in relation to the public health impact of global enviro ...
... Health experts are becoming more and more concerned about potential impact on public health if no precautionary measures are taken to deal with these global environmental problems. This paper focuses on the role that international law can play in relation to the public health impact of global enviro ...
The Age of Consequences - The Web site cannot be found
... land-based polar ice sheets, an associated dramatic rise in global sea levels, and the destruction beyond repair of the existing natural order. For each of the three plausible climate scenarios, we asked a national security expert to consider the projected environmental effects of global warming and ...
... land-based polar ice sheets, an associated dramatic rise in global sea levels, and the destruction beyond repair of the existing natural order. For each of the three plausible climate scenarios, we asked a national security expert to consider the projected environmental effects of global warming and ...
Attribution of extreme weather and climate
... hot temperatures are expected to become more frequent where mean temperatures increase. A simple shift in the mean without any change in the distribution will suffice although changes in the distribution can enhance or reverse this tendency.4 For example, land surface feedbacks can exacerbate tempera ...
... hot temperatures are expected to become more frequent where mean temperatures increase. A simple shift in the mean without any change in the distribution will suffice although changes in the distribution can enhance or reverse this tendency.4 For example, land surface feedbacks can exacerbate tempera ...
Document
... characteristics of this issue, i.e. scientific uncertainty of the problem, complex linkages among causes and effects, the equity issue between generations and between north and south.2 In order to reach an international agreement that includes effective commitments, it is important to determine fact ...
... characteristics of this issue, i.e. scientific uncertainty of the problem, complex linkages among causes and effects, the equity issue between generations and between north and south.2 In order to reach an international agreement that includes effective commitments, it is important to determine fact ...
Environment and Development Challenges: The Imperative to Act 20
... matched with very slow ethical-social evolution. The human ability to do has vastly outstripped the ability to understand. As a result civilization is faced with a perfect storm of problems driven by overpopulation, overconsumption by the rich, the use of environmentally malign technologies, and gro ...
... matched with very slow ethical-social evolution. The human ability to do has vastly outstripped the ability to understand. As a result civilization is faced with a perfect storm of problems driven by overpopulation, overconsumption by the rich, the use of environmentally malign technologies, and gro ...
9 Towards global agreemenT Key points
... are thought to be lower under a price-based instrument for stock pollutants such as greenhouse gases, so getting the price wrong under a tax imposes smaller welfare losses than getting the quantity wrong under a quantity target. Proponents of price-based emissions control have pointed out that a com ...
... are thought to be lower under a price-based instrument for stock pollutants such as greenhouse gases, so getting the price wrong under a tax imposes smaller welfare losses than getting the quantity wrong under a quantity target. Proponents of price-based emissions control have pointed out that a com ...
A framework to assess returns on investments in the dryland
... present, there is no definitive framework for assessing the returns to Northern Kenya’s predominantly pastoralist land use, nor any prediction of its returns under anticipated climate changes. There is therefore no possibility of comparing returns between this and any alternatives. Flagship projects ...
... present, there is no definitive framework for assessing the returns to Northern Kenya’s predominantly pastoralist land use, nor any prediction of its returns under anticipated climate changes. There is therefore no possibility of comparing returns between this and any alternatives. Flagship projects ...
Synthesis paper: Perspectives on Loss and Damage
... show there are serious limitations in our ability to assess even current values, let alone attribute these to recent changes in climate. In some cases, there are recent decadal trends that can be picked through observations, e.g. increases in annual temperature rise, ...
... show there are serious limitations in our ability to assess even current values, let alone attribute these to recent changes in climate. In some cases, there are recent decadal trends that can be picked through observations, e.g. increases in annual temperature rise, ...
'Deciding our future in Copenhagen: will the world rise to the challenge of climate change?' (pdf)
... million each year, and is currently more than a third higher than it was before industrialisation in the 19th century. If we carry on with ‘business as usual’ emissions, the atmospheric concentration could reach 750 parts per million of carbondioxide-equivalent by the end of the century, almost thre ...
... million each year, and is currently more than a third higher than it was before industrialisation in the 19th century. If we carry on with ‘business as usual’ emissions, the atmospheric concentration could reach 750 parts per million of carbondioxide-equivalent by the end of the century, almost thre ...
Success factors for communicating climate change
... The foremost important step is to identify, determine and comprehend the recipients of the message, namely the dialogue groups. Communication can only be successful, if it is adequately adapted to the recipient(s). This is of high significance, as not only the awareness on climate change within the ...
... The foremost important step is to identify, determine and comprehend the recipients of the message, namely the dialogue groups. Communication can only be successful, if it is adequately adapted to the recipient(s). This is of high significance, as not only the awareness on climate change within the ...
Chapter 4: Traditional Ricardian Method and
... the variance terms affects the climate normal coefficients. Finally, another alternative is to use degree days instead of temperature (Schlenker et al. 2006). This analysis carefully examines the shape of the relationship between degree days and land value in the US. However, this analysis has made ...
... the variance terms affects the climate normal coefficients. Finally, another alternative is to use degree days instead of temperature (Schlenker et al. 2006). This analysis carefully examines the shape of the relationship between degree days and land value in the US. However, this analysis has made ...
Divergences of Two Coupled Human and Natural - CHANS-Net
... productivity (NPP) are the simplest, most widely used metrics for measuring the overall functions of these components, respectively. Livestock (LSK) and its changes over time have been widely used because they are essential for land use, development, and climatic influence (Gutman and Reisell 2004). ...
... productivity (NPP) are the simplest, most widely used metrics for measuring the overall functions of these components, respectively. Livestock (LSK) and its changes over time have been widely used because they are essential for land use, development, and climatic influence (Gutman and Reisell 2004). ...
Chapter 6 | Synthesis 6. Synthesis 6.1 Introduction
... a secondary mechanism: facilitation of sea-ice formation, which affects deep-water formation, disturbing the thermohaline circulation. In another sensitivity experiment, the role of the dynamic distribution of ...
... a secondary mechanism: facilitation of sea-ice formation, which affects deep-water formation, disturbing the thermohaline circulation. In another sensitivity experiment, the role of the dynamic distribution of ...
Changing times, changing stories: generational differences in
... and 938, respectively (U.S. Census Bureau 2010a). The landscape of the Yukon River Basin has diverse physiography, climatology, and ecology, which present both opportunities and challenges to the largely subsistence-based residents of the basin. Only a few vehicular arteries connect the area, and mu ...
... and 938, respectively (U.S. Census Bureau 2010a). The landscape of the Yukon River Basin has diverse physiography, climatology, and ecology, which present both opportunities and challenges to the largely subsistence-based residents of the basin. Only a few vehicular arteries connect the area, and mu ...
Great Plains mega-region (Chapter 7) of the Foundation document
... in the lee of the Rocky Mountains while other sections of the Great Plains may experience slight increases. Although precipitation increases are projected for parts of the Great Plains,increased evaporation due to rising air temperatures are projected to surpass these increases, resulting in net soi ...
... in the lee of the Rocky Mountains while other sections of the Great Plains may experience slight increases. Although precipitation increases are projected for parts of the Great Plains,increased evaporation due to rising air temperatures are projected to surpass these increases, resulting in net soi ...
Malaysia`s First National Communication
... The impact on coastal resources can be classified into four broad categories. The first is tidal inundation, where about 1200 km2 in Peninsular Malaysia alone will be submerged subsequent to bund failure, and mangroves will be lost if sea level rises at a rate of 0.9 cm/year. The second is shoreline ...
... The impact on coastal resources can be classified into four broad categories. The first is tidal inundation, where about 1200 km2 in Peninsular Malaysia alone will be submerged subsequent to bund failure, and mangroves will be lost if sea level rises at a rate of 0.9 cm/year. The second is shoreline ...
Review of existing emissions pathways and evaluation of
... emission trajectories that are consistent with a 2°C temperature rise. The additional uncertainties and complexities with modelling the global energy system lead to an even wider range of views on whether, or how, such cuts in emissions are possible. In this report we present an assessment of studie ...
... emission trajectories that are consistent with a 2°C temperature rise. The additional uncertainties and complexities with modelling the global energy system lead to an even wider range of views on whether, or how, such cuts in emissions are possible. In this report we present an assessment of studie ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""