What is carbon? Conceptualising carbon and capabilities in
... of estimating the size of these markets. There is also considerable spatial variability in global carbon markets, demonstrated by the significant variation in carbon prices between carbon tax schemes, from as little as US$1 per tCO2 (tonne of CO2) in Mexico to US$168 in Sweden.28 The result is that t ...
... of estimating the size of these markets. There is also considerable spatial variability in global carbon markets, demonstrated by the significant variation in carbon prices between carbon tax schemes, from as little as US$1 per tCO2 (tonne of CO2) in Mexico to US$168 in Sweden.28 The result is that t ...
Adapting to Climate Change in Ottawa
... climate change impacts and adaptation. Dr. Pearson began by stating that Canada has already experienced climate change with significant warming in the west and northwest up to 2°C and cooling in the east due to the warming of the Arctic and subsequent flow of cold Arctic water along the eastern shor ...
... climate change impacts and adaptation. Dr. Pearson began by stating that Canada has already experienced climate change with significant warming in the west and northwest up to 2°C and cooling in the east due to the warming of the Arctic and subsequent flow of cold Arctic water along the eastern shor ...
Climate variability and change and their health effects in small
... The world’s island states are located mainly in the tropics and subtropics, spanning the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans, as well as the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas. Small island states share many features that constrain their ability to adapt to current climate variability and future clima ...
... The world’s island states are located mainly in the tropics and subtropics, spanning the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans, as well as the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas. Small island states share many features that constrain their ability to adapt to current climate variability and future clima ...
Neighborhood Sustainability Steward Handbook
... husbandry). Nitrous oxide is also released from fossil fuel burning and methane is also emitted from natural gas distribution and landfills.2 Global concentrations of all three of these greenhouse gases, measured in parts per million (ppm), now far exceed preindustrial values, as determined from ice ...
... husbandry). Nitrous oxide is also released from fossil fuel burning and methane is also emitted from natural gas distribution and landfills.2 Global concentrations of all three of these greenhouse gases, measured in parts per million (ppm), now far exceed preindustrial values, as determined from ice ...
Vulnerability and Resilience in the Face of Climate Change: Current
... interactive temperature, precipitation, and windiness. Over time, the various chemical and physical processes of the atmosphere, and the influences of the ocean, land, ice, albedo, etc. have been incorporated or represented in greater and greater detail. Impacts researchers similarly developed quant ...
... interactive temperature, precipitation, and windiness. Over time, the various chemical and physical processes of the atmosphere, and the influences of the ocean, land, ice, albedo, etc. have been incorporated or represented in greater and greater detail. Impacts researchers similarly developed quant ...
vsi09 cc Karp 10073651 en
... climate damage and abatement effort, is (1 − Pt ) (1 − xt ). The consumption loss due to mitigation expenditures and remaining climate-related damage, as a fraction of the no-damage no-control level is ∆t = 1 − (1 − Pt ) (1 − xt ). The model allows a constant growth rate in income and a constant elas ...
... climate damage and abatement effort, is (1 − Pt ) (1 − xt ). The consumption loss due to mitigation expenditures and remaining climate-related damage, as a fraction of the no-damage no-control level is ∆t = 1 − (1 − Pt ) (1 − xt ). The model allows a constant growth rate in income and a constant elas ...
National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors
... Purchase of electricity that is sold to an end user (reported by electricity retailer); ...
... Purchase of electricity that is sold to an end user (reported by electricity retailer); ...
Flowering phenology in a species-rich temperate grassland is
... 2006; Estrella et al., 2006; Schleip et al., 2006). It is clear from the results of these studies that rising temperatures have already accelerated many spring phenomena including bud-break of deciduous trees (Badeck et al., 2004), ecosystem primary productivity increase (Keeling et al., 1996; Rande ...
... 2006; Estrella et al., 2006; Schleip et al., 2006). It is clear from the results of these studies that rising temperatures have already accelerated many spring phenomena including bud-break of deciduous trees (Badeck et al., 2004), ecosystem primary productivity increase (Keeling et al., 1996; Rande ...
Joint Parliamentary meeting on Climate change and climate change
... whereas, however, the age of cheap and abundant fossil energy is coming to an end, AE. whereas developments on the energy markets help the pursuit of climate objectives, since market-driven increases in energy prices form important incentives to sustainable use of resources and thus to low-CO2-footp ...
... whereas, however, the age of cheap and abundant fossil energy is coming to an end, AE. whereas developments on the energy markets help the pursuit of climate objectives, since market-driven increases in energy prices form important incentives to sustainable use of resources and thus to low-CO2-footp ...
Chapter 4
... private individuals, organizations or corporations are not governed by international law, but by the law of contracts — either as applied in the territory of the contracting State or as otherwise specified in the contract itself. Aside from these requirements, however, the only limitation on the sco ...
... private individuals, organizations or corporations are not governed by international law, but by the law of contracts — either as applied in the territory of the contracting State or as otherwise specified in the contract itself. Aside from these requirements, however, the only limitation on the sco ...
Linking the scales of process, observation and modeling of dust
... processes create sand- to silt-sized aggregates of finer particles, thereby changing their emission potentials. Diverse opinions about which characteristics are most important to dust emission emphasized that further field research and sensitivity studies are required. ...
... processes create sand- to silt-sized aggregates of finer particles, thereby changing their emission potentials. Diverse opinions about which characteristics are most important to dust emission emphasized that further field research and sensitivity studies are required. ...
Climate change impacts on Yangtze River discharge at the Three
... 2010). Therefore, it is instructive to examine how climate change may impact river discharges in the Yangtze Basin, as any modifications to the seasonal distribution of precipitation and temperature may also have a major effect on flooding, water resources and hydropower generation in the TGD. Using ...
... 2010). Therefore, it is instructive to examine how climate change may impact river discharges in the Yangtze Basin, as any modifications to the seasonal distribution of precipitation and temperature may also have a major effect on flooding, water resources and hydropower generation in the TGD. Using ...
Climate Commitments: Assessing the Options
... The nature of the climate change problem, as well as the history of international environmental cooperation more generally, suggest the need for commitments. The existence and implications of purported legal obligations, such as the duty to prevent transboundary pollution and the polluter pays prin ...
... The nature of the climate change problem, as well as the history of international environmental cooperation more generally, suggest the need for commitments. The existence and implications of purported legal obligations, such as the duty to prevent transboundary pollution and the polluter pays prin ...
STRIVE An Assessment of Uncertainties Report Series No.48
... of projected temperature changes between GCMs; for ...
... of projected temperature changes between GCMs; for ...
Adaptation to Climate Change
... Global Leadership for Climate Action (GLCA) consists of former heads of state and government, as well as leaders in business, government, and civil society from more than 20 countries. In 2007, GLCA published Framework for a Post-2012 Agreement on Climate Change, which called for four negotiating pa ...
... Global Leadership for Climate Action (GLCA) consists of former heads of state and government, as well as leaders in business, government, and civil society from more than 20 countries. In 2007, GLCA published Framework for a Post-2012 Agreement on Climate Change, which called for four negotiating pa ...
... evidence. Here, let us consider mountainous regions in a variety of settings. Hay et al. (1989) showed that mass accumulation rates in the Gulf of Mexico increased approximately fourfold in late Pliocene and Quaternary time (Figure 3). They argued that only a small fraction of that sediment was brou ...
Climate change implications for New Zealand
... is inevitable and uncertainties about the extent of climate change. Experience shows that uncertainties around climate changes can result in decision-making being postponed until changes are clearer. This ‘wait and see’ approach is in itself risky, since the direction and rough magnitude of climate ...
... is inevitable and uncertainties about the extent of climate change. Experience shows that uncertainties around climate changes can result in decision-making being postponed until changes are clearer. This ‘wait and see’ approach is in itself risky, since the direction and rough magnitude of climate ...
Assessing the Risk of a Collapse of the Atlantic Thermohaline
... billion watts (10 watts, a petawatt). As a result of this northward heat transport, at least in part, Europe is up to 8°C warmer than other longitudes at its latitude, with the largest effect in winter. It is this comparatively mild European climate, as well as the interrelated climates elsewhere, t ...
... billion watts (10 watts, a petawatt). As a result of this northward heat transport, at least in part, Europe is up to 8°C warmer than other longitudes at its latitude, with the largest effect in winter. It is this comparatively mild European climate, as well as the interrelated climates elsewhere, t ...
AN OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND
... Quantifying current greenhouse emissions and anticipating their future evolution is an important analytical input to policymaking. However, accurate emissions monitoring and reporting are not simple, and processes are still being improved globally. Predicting the future yet more challenging; models ...
... Quantifying current greenhouse emissions and anticipating their future evolution is an important analytical input to policymaking. However, accurate emissions monitoring and reporting are not simple, and processes are still being improved globally. Predicting the future yet more challenging; models ...
Climate Change, Natural Hazards and Cities
... unusual in comparison with changes in global temperature data for the past 600-1000 years that have been inferred from proxy indicators. Over the 20th century, the globally averaged surface air temperature has increased by 0.6±0.2°C. In addition, there seems to be some evidence for a corresponding s ...
... unusual in comparison with changes in global temperature data for the past 600-1000 years that have been inferred from proxy indicators. Over the 20th century, the globally averaged surface air temperature has increased by 0.6±0.2°C. In addition, there seems to be some evidence for a corresponding s ...
Climate Change in the Wet Tropics
... stream flows will have ecological impacts and will also reduce the amount of water available for irrigation and urban water supply. Climate change will also compromise other environmental goods and services. For example, if the loss of rainforest values becomes obvious, the Area may become less attr ...
... stream flows will have ecological impacts and will also reduce the amount of water available for irrigation and urban water supply. Climate change will also compromise other environmental goods and services. For example, if the loss of rainforest values becomes obvious, the Area may become less attr ...
IEM_Final_Report-draft-29sep16 - UAF SNAP
... TEM that could represent water table dynamics and biogeochemistry in an open boreal fen. During 2013 we plan to extend this modeling effort by focusing model development on an open boreal bog that has developed as a consequence of thermokarst disturbance in a black spruce permafrost plateau forest. ...
... TEM that could represent water table dynamics and biogeochemistry in an open boreal fen. During 2013 we plan to extend this modeling effort by focusing model development on an open boreal bog that has developed as a consequence of thermokarst disturbance in a black spruce permafrost plateau forest. ...
Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I
... island. Some circumpolar syntheses of the ecology of particular habitat types and the consequences of change are also available (e.g. sea-ice habitats – Massom & Stammerjohn, 2010; general – Turner et al., 2009a). In addition, a comprehensive assessment of the biogeography of ASO biota is currently ...
... island. Some circumpolar syntheses of the ecology of particular habitat types and the consequences of change are also available (e.g. sea-ice habitats – Massom & Stammerjohn, 2010; general – Turner et al., 2009a). In addition, a comprehensive assessment of the biogeography of ASO biota is currently ...
PDF
... Erda (1996) indicates that, with adaptation to climate change, the annual agricultural loss could be US$0.8 to $3.48 billion and, without adaptation, a loss of US$1.37 to $79.98 billion from 2000 to 2050. Research by Liu et al. (2004), based on county-level cross-sectional data on agricultural net r ...
... Erda (1996) indicates that, with adaptation to climate change, the annual agricultural loss could be US$0.8 to $3.48 billion and, without adaptation, a loss of US$1.37 to $79.98 billion from 2000 to 2050. Research by Liu et al. (2004), based on county-level cross-sectional data on agricultural net r ...
Farming in a Changing Climate
... and lives around the globe, and have often detrimentally affected food production and security. In 2005, persistent droughts in several African countries severely limited food supplies, flooding in Bangladesh routinely disrupted agriculture, heat spells in Australia caused crop and livestock losses, ...
... and lives around the globe, and have often detrimentally affected food production and security. In 2005, persistent droughts in several African countries severely limited food supplies, flooding in Bangladesh routinely disrupted agriculture, heat spells in Australia caused crop and livestock losses, ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""