Self-Governance and Peer Review in Science-for
... argue that in practice the process correctly reflects the essential tenets of peer review. However, we also show that the IPCC rules do not specify adequate closure mechanisms for the report drafting process. We demonstrate that the two-level certification process (“acceptance” and “approval” of IPC ...
... argue that in practice the process correctly reflects the essential tenets of peer review. However, we also show that the IPCC rules do not specify adequate closure mechanisms for the report drafting process. We demonstrate that the two-level certification process (“acceptance” and “approval” of IPC ...
challenges and expectations in implementing reduce emissions
... which together represents the range of land-use, environmental and socioeconomic contexts for REDD implementation in PNG. • These activities are likely to be large in scale (either a large project area, or potentially encompassing a district, or a province), and will trial incentive mechanisms, paym ...
... which together represents the range of land-use, environmental and socioeconomic contexts for REDD implementation in PNG. • These activities are likely to be large in scale (either a large project area, or potentially encompassing a district, or a province), and will trial incentive mechanisms, paym ...
Sensitivity of Plant and Soil Ecosystems of the Alps to Climate Change
... It is an exceedingly complex task to assess climate change's potential impacts on ecosystems. More fundamental research is required before a reli able evaluation of the major trends can be made. Still, the defining features of the subalpine-alpine ecocline (i.e., relatively unmodified, marked visua ...
... It is an exceedingly complex task to assess climate change's potential impacts on ecosystems. More fundamental research is required before a reli able evaluation of the major trends can be made. Still, the defining features of the subalpine-alpine ecocline (i.e., relatively unmodified, marked visua ...
To live within Earth`s limits - Australian Academy of Science
... Abstract This precious and beautiful blue ...
... Abstract This precious and beautiful blue ...
Studies of the aerosol indirect effect from sulfate Jo´n Egill Kristja´nsson
... weighting factor [Rasch and Kristjánsson, 1998]. Very little is currently known about the sensitivity of ice cloud microphysics to aerosol burden. We feel that more knowledge is needed about these processes before meaningful parameterizations for them can be developed for GCMs. However, that does n ...
... weighting factor [Rasch and Kristjánsson, 1998]. Very little is currently known about the sensitivity of ice cloud microphysics to aerosol burden. We feel that more knowledge is needed about these processes before meaningful parameterizations for them can be developed for GCMs. However, that does n ...
Cost-effective payments for reducing emissions from deforestation under uncertainty: Working Paper 72 (438 kB) (opens in new window)
... increase in profits from the alternative land use raises landowner’s opportunity costs of keeping land under the original use above the value of the REDD payment. In this case, it might become profitable for landowners to change land use. Understanding how these risks affect landowners’ decisions ca ...
... increase in profits from the alternative land use raises landowner’s opportunity costs of keeping land under the original use above the value of the REDD payment. In this case, it might become profitable for landowners to change land use. Understanding how these risks affect landowners’ decisions ca ...
Agriculture and Climate Change in Kenya: Climate Chaos, Policy
... critical sectors of interest. However, there are concerns about whether policy goals may be achieved amidst the actors’ many and diverging interests. This paper sets out to map how these debates are starting to take place in practice, and poses the following questions: what are the arguments, who is ...
... critical sectors of interest. However, there are concerns about whether policy goals may be achieved amidst the actors’ many and diverging interests. This paper sets out to map how these debates are starting to take place in practice, and poses the following questions: what are the arguments, who is ...
fisheries management
... 2005). This regional coherence in productivity is most correlated with regional variation in sea surface temperatures (Mueter et al, 2002). However, at the scale of individual populations, responses to regional shifts in climatic conditions are diverse (Figure 4; Peterman et al. Hilborn et a1. ...
... 2005). This regional coherence in productivity is most correlated with regional variation in sea surface temperatures (Mueter et al, 2002). However, at the scale of individual populations, responses to regional shifts in climatic conditions are diverse (Figure 4; Peterman et al. Hilborn et a1. ...
Effects of Climate Change on the Canadian Arctic Wildlife
... about the importance of the role of sea ice in wildlife ecology. • Consequences of climate warming on wildlife can sometimes be negative and sometimes be positive, depending on the species that is considered. Those species most specialized for Arctic environments (e.g. Peary caribou, polar bear, ar ...
... about the importance of the role of sea ice in wildlife ecology. • Consequences of climate warming on wildlife can sometimes be negative and sometimes be positive, depending on the species that is considered. Those species most specialized for Arctic environments (e.g. Peary caribou, polar bear, ar ...
Fact sheets of the international experiences on the formulation and
... Singapore Government. (2007). About ASEANCOF. Meteorological Service Singapore Retrieved from http://www.weather.gov.sg/wip/web/ASMC/ASEANCOF. ...
... Singapore Government. (2007). About ASEANCOF. Meteorological Service Singapore Retrieved from http://www.weather.gov.sg/wip/web/ASMC/ASEANCOF. ...
Meeting the Challenge of Climate Change
... warmest years in the instrumental record of global surface temperature (since 1850).” (IPCC, 2007) The IPCC expects that warming in the 21st century will be greatest over land, and at most, in the higher northern latitudes. It further suggests that it is very likely that hot extremes, heat waves and ...
... warmest years in the instrumental record of global surface temperature (since 1850).” (IPCC, 2007) The IPCC expects that warming in the 21st century will be greatest over land, and at most, in the higher northern latitudes. It further suggests that it is very likely that hot extremes, heat waves and ...
Protecting Cultural Heritage and Adapting to Climate Change
... Currie, J., S. Garnett, J. Ingram and K. Sniekers (2007). Modelling the impact of potential sea level rise on Aboriginal heritage sites along the foreshore of Middle Harbour. Component of ELS301 Environmental Management Project. Sydney, Macquarie University. Currie, J. (2008). Managing Risk? Abor ...
... Currie, J., S. Garnett, J. Ingram and K. Sniekers (2007). Modelling the impact of potential sea level rise on Aboriginal heritage sites along the foreshore of Middle Harbour. Component of ELS301 Environmental Management Project. Sydney, Macquarie University. Currie, J. (2008). Managing Risk? Abor ...
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... aspects. It might be the major concern to human being because warming will be directly related to food consumption and human health if it especially decreases agricultural production. It is not surprising that global warming has been receiving a lot of people’s attention. According to Oreskes (2004) ...
... aspects. It might be the major concern to human being because warming will be directly related to food consumption and human health if it especially decreases agricultural production. It is not surprising that global warming has been receiving a lot of people’s attention. According to Oreskes (2004) ...
Mid-Pliocene Westerlies from PlioMIP Simulations
... should perhaps see westerlies shifting equatorward in a cooling climate with a reduction of greenhouse gases. However, while some simulations have shown an equatorward shift, others have shown a poleward shift, or no significant shift at all (Rojas et al., 2009; Chavaillaz et al., 2013; Sime et al., ...
... should perhaps see westerlies shifting equatorward in a cooling climate with a reduction of greenhouse gases. However, while some simulations have shown an equatorward shift, others have shown a poleward shift, or no significant shift at all (Rojas et al., 2009; Chavaillaz et al., 2013; Sime et al., ...
Adapting to climate change in England
... already being led by Government and the wider public sector on adaptation in England, and to co-ordinate and drive forward the development of the Government’s work on adapting to climate change in the future. The Government wants every sector of society to play its part in ensuring that the country ...
... already being led by Government and the wider public sector on adaptation in England, and to co-ordinate and drive forward the development of the Government’s work on adapting to climate change in the future. The Government wants every sector of society to play its part in ensuring that the country ...
(projdoc).
... The major factor of vulnerability of the coastal areas is the rising sea levels with increasingly strong surges capable of causing surface and underground sea water inundation (French et al. 1995; Crammer 2007), which is capable of damaging the socio-economic infrastructures such as oil prospecting ...
... The major factor of vulnerability of the coastal areas is the rising sea levels with increasingly strong surges capable of causing surface and underground sea water inundation (French et al. 1995; Crammer 2007), which is capable of damaging the socio-economic infrastructures such as oil prospecting ...
Climate-induced migration and displacement: closing the policy gap
... their homes to seek safety and protection. Those that are forced to move often lose property and other assets, and these extreme events can push people into poverty while also limiting opportunities to escape from poverty (Shepherd et al., 2013; Wilkinson and Peters, 2015). Compared with extensive r ...
... their homes to seek safety and protection. Those that are forced to move often lose property and other assets, and these extreme events can push people into poverty while also limiting opportunities to escape from poverty (Shepherd et al., 2013; Wilkinson and Peters, 2015). Compared with extensive r ...
West Antarctic Peninsula: An ice
... sea ice duration has declined by almost 100 days since 1978, causing a decrease in phytoplankton productivity in the northern peninsula region. Besides climate change, Antarctic marine systems have been greatly altered by harvesting of the great whales and now krill. It is unclear to what extent the ...
... sea ice duration has declined by almost 100 days since 1978, causing a decrease in phytoplankton productivity in the northern peninsula region. Besides climate change, Antarctic marine systems have been greatly altered by harvesting of the great whales and now krill. It is unclear to what extent the ...
MNP Report 500116002/2007 Local air pollution and global climate
... of fossil fuels contribute significantly to both GCC and LAP. Options to mitigate these environmental problems are typically chosen to address each exclusively. For example, to achieve emission reductions of SO2, NOx, or particulates, one typically uses end-of-pipe abatement techniques specifically ...
... of fossil fuels contribute significantly to both GCC and LAP. Options to mitigate these environmental problems are typically chosen to address each exclusively. For example, to achieve emission reductions of SO2, NOx, or particulates, one typically uses end-of-pipe abatement techniques specifically ...
The Emergence of Climate Change Mitigation Action by Society: An
... the energy system, climate change and associated impact as researchers have widely acknowledged (Balbi & Giupponi 2009; Brede & de Vries 2013; Giupponi et al. 2013; Hughes et al. 2013; Pfenninger et al. 2014). Moreover, limited attention has been given in the literature to the consequences of uncert ...
... the energy system, climate change and associated impact as researchers have widely acknowledged (Balbi & Giupponi 2009; Brede & de Vries 2013; Giupponi et al. 2013; Hughes et al. 2013; Pfenninger et al. 2014). Moreover, limited attention has been given in the literature to the consequences of uncert ...
Interpretation of tropical thermocline cooling
... the importance of wave processes and wind stress curl on the sea level variations in the Pacific Ocean, although their focus is on seasonal-to-interannual timescales. [15] In the equatorial region where quasi-geostrophic approximation is not valid, zonal wind anomalies during 1990s are westerlies in ...
... the importance of wave processes and wind stress curl on the sea level variations in the Pacific Ocean, although their focus is on seasonal-to-interannual timescales. [15] In the equatorial region where quasi-geostrophic approximation is not valid, zonal wind anomalies during 1990s are westerlies in ...
Summary of Climate Change Effects on Major Habitat Types in
... value reaching +9% (about 3 cm) by the 2080s under their higher-emissions modeling scenario (A1B); this value is small relative to interannual variability.13 Although some of the models predicted modest reductions in fall or winter precipitation, others showed very large increases (up to 42%).14 ...
... value reaching +9% (about 3 cm) by the 2080s under their higher-emissions modeling scenario (A1B); this value is small relative to interannual variability.13 Although some of the models predicted modest reductions in fall or winter precipitation, others showed very large increases (up to 42%).14 ...
P1.6 DIURNAL CYCLES OF THE SURFACE RADIATION BUDGET
... cloudiness. At 30 north and south there are negative bands, which would indicate clearing of clouds during the day, thus reducing LWD. 5. CONCLUSIONS The diurnal cycles of surface radiation fluxes have been investigated by use of principal component analysis. These fluxes are shortwave up, down and ...
... cloudiness. At 30 north and south there are negative bands, which would indicate clearing of clouds during the day, thus reducing LWD. 5. CONCLUSIONS The diurnal cycles of surface radiation fluxes have been investigated by use of principal component analysis. These fluxes are shortwave up, down and ...
Adaptive Thermoregulation in Endotherms May
... conservation issues facing biologists, land stewards, and governments and has become a central topic in biological research. Considerable effort is being invested in determining the best methods to measure the current impacts of climate change and model the future effects (Chown et al. 2010). One of ...
... conservation issues facing biologists, land stewards, and governments and has become a central topic in biological research. Considerable effort is being invested in determining the best methods to measure the current impacts of climate change and model the future effects (Chown et al. 2010). One of ...
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... While climate change is widely regarded as a threat to food security in southern Africa, few studies attempt to link the science of climate change impacts on agriculture with the specificities of smallholder livelihoods. In this paper, we build a series of linear programming (LP) farm-household mode ...
... While climate change is widely regarded as a threat to food security in southern Africa, few studies attempt to link the science of climate change impacts on agriculture with the specificities of smallholder livelihoods. In this paper, we build a series of linear programming (LP) farm-household mode ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""