third national communication of the russian federation
... Methane emissions (Table I.9), as a whole in the period 1990 - 1999, were decreasing faster, than emissions of CO2. The decrease is noticeable for all source categories, the only exception being emissions from forest fires. The main contribution to the reduction of emission has been brought by energ ...
... Methane emissions (Table I.9), as a whole in the period 1990 - 1999, were decreasing faster, than emissions of CO2. The decrease is noticeable for all source categories, the only exception being emissions from forest fires. The main contribution to the reduction of emission has been brought by energ ...
Episodic Ocean-Induced CO2 Greenhouse on Mars: Implications for
... be released from carbonate rocks by thermal metamorphism or result from dissolution of carbonates by hydrochloric acid in magmatic gasses (Mathess and Harvey 1982). Griffith and Shock (1995) conclude that there may be a substantial reservoir of CO2 (at least 1 bar) sequestered as carbonate minerals ...
... be released from carbonate rocks by thermal metamorphism or result from dissolution of carbonates by hydrochloric acid in magmatic gasses (Mathess and Harvey 1982). Griffith and Shock (1995) conclude that there may be a substantial reservoir of CO2 (at least 1 bar) sequestered as carbonate minerals ...
An Integrated Assessment of Changes in the Thermohaline Circulation
... the elicitation among leading ocean experts presented later in this paper reveals widely differing views about the probability of a shutdown being triggered this century, with some estimates even exceeding the 50% level for scenarios with high global temperature rise. Narrowing down this uncertainty ...
... the elicitation among leading ocean experts presented later in this paper reveals widely differing views about the probability of a shutdown being triggered this century, with some estimates even exceeding the 50% level for scenarios with high global temperature rise. Narrowing down this uncertainty ...
Applying the VFM framework to business case design and appraisal
... Dealing with Uncertainty There is a significant degree of uncertainty associated with climate change and impacts. This is in part due to uncertainty about future emission GHG pathways, but also due to differences between the different climate models and the difficulty in projecting complex effects s ...
... Dealing with Uncertainty There is a significant degree of uncertainty associated with climate change and impacts. This is in part due to uncertainty about future emission GHG pathways, but also due to differences between the different climate models and the difficulty in projecting complex effects s ...
CSPR Briefing CS PR B
... temperature. In this paper, results from a scenario describing a rather low degree of future change (RCP 4.5) were used to present expected future climate trends. Similar trends as presented below are visible also in the other scenarios, but mostly with higher increases than presented here. For summ ...
... temperature. In this paper, results from a scenario describing a rather low degree of future change (RCP 4.5) were used to present expected future climate trends. Similar trends as presented below are visible also in the other scenarios, but mostly with higher increases than presented here. For summ ...
Engineering solutions for coastal infrastructure
... In 2014, the National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility (NCCARF) was commissioned by the Australian Government to produce a coastal climate risk management tool in support of coastal managers adapting to climate change and sea-level rise. This online tool, known as CoastAdapt, provides inf ...
... In 2014, the National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility (NCCARF) was commissioned by the Australian Government to produce a coastal climate risk management tool in support of coastal managers adapting to climate change and sea-level rise. This online tool, known as CoastAdapt, provides inf ...
pdf of manuscript - Mark Williams
... A warmer climate has been shown to result in: (1) snow melting more quickly; and (2) a greater supply of moisture and more precipitation (Ye et al., 1998). If precipitation occurs at air temperatures below 0 °C, the increased precipitation occurs in the solid form and is retain locally as snow, incr ...
... A warmer climate has been shown to result in: (1) snow melting more quickly; and (2) a greater supply of moisture and more precipitation (Ye et al., 1998). If precipitation occurs at air temperatures below 0 °C, the increased precipitation occurs in the solid form and is retain locally as snow, incr ...
Risk perception and commitment to reduce global climate change in
... Many different factors determine the resulting choices, including emotions, positive and negative feelings, past experiences and cognition (Peters and Slovic 1996; Finucane et al. 2000a; Loewestein et al. 2001). Global Climate Change is a reality that has been acknowledged by scientists for several ...
... Many different factors determine the resulting choices, including emotions, positive and negative feelings, past experiences and cognition (Peters and Slovic 1996; Finucane et al. 2000a; Loewestein et al. 2001). Global Climate Change is a reality that has been acknowledged by scientists for several ...
Robust institutional arrangements for national mitigation efforts
... “Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought. A theory however elegant and economical must be rejected or revised if it is untrue; likewise laws and institutions no matter how efficient and well-arranged must be reformed or abolished if they are unjust. Each ...
... “Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought. A theory however elegant and economical must be rejected or revised if it is untrue; likewise laws and institutions no matter how efficient and well-arranged must be reformed or abolished if they are unjust. Each ...
Climate and wildfires in the North American boreal forest
... over western Canada and Alaska (Zhang et al. 1997). The PDO is related to SST, precipitation and convection variability in the Indian Ocean and tropical Pacific Ocean, and its spatial climatic patterns are similar to the ENSO pattern (Mantua et al. 1997; Zhang et al. 1997). (b) Large-scale climate a ...
... over western Canada and Alaska (Zhang et al. 1997). The PDO is related to SST, precipitation and convection variability in the Indian Ocean and tropical Pacific Ocean, and its spatial climatic patterns are similar to the ENSO pattern (Mantua et al. 1997; Zhang et al. 1997). (b) Large-scale climate a ...
Weathercaster Views on Informal Climate Education: Similarities
... the most misunderstood? (4) What ideas about climate change, if any, do you feel are universally agreed upon by all parties? (5) What do you see as your role as a weathercaster to educate your viewers about climate change? Weathercasters were recruited at a professional meeting of the American Meteo ...
... the most misunderstood? (4) What ideas about climate change, if any, do you feel are universally agreed upon by all parties? (5) What do you see as your role as a weathercaster to educate your viewers about climate change? Weathercasters were recruited at a professional meeting of the American Meteo ...
8 Research and systematic observation
... In recent years, the number of R&D personnel has remained relatively stable at around 80,000. The increase since 2001 has been 5 per cent. The number of doctoral degrees has tripled in the past twenty years. Climate change is recognised in the Finnish national research and innovation policy (inter a ...
... In recent years, the number of R&D personnel has remained relatively stable at around 80,000. The increase since 2001 has been 5 per cent. The number of doctoral degrees has tripled in the past twenty years. Climate change is recognised in the Finnish national research and innovation policy (inter a ...
The Economic Impacts of Climate Change
... estimates do not account for the full range of compensatory responses to changes in weather made by profit-maximizing farmers. For example, in response to a change in climate, farmers may alter their use of fertilizers, change their mix of crops, or even decide to use their farmland for another acti ...
... estimates do not account for the full range of compensatory responses to changes in weather made by profit-maximizing farmers. For example, in response to a change in climate, farmers may alter their use of fertilizers, change their mix of crops, or even decide to use their farmland for another acti ...
8 Research and systematic observation
... In recent years, the number of R&D personnel has remained relatively stable at around 80,000. The increase since 2001 has been 5 per cent. The number of doctoral degrees has tripled in the past twenty years. Climate change is recognised in the Finnish national research and innovation policy (inter a ...
... In recent years, the number of R&D personnel has remained relatively stable at around 80,000. The increase since 2001 has been 5 per cent. The number of doctoral degrees has tripled in the past twenty years. Climate change is recognised in the Finnish national research and innovation policy (inter a ...
Central Mekong Delta Region Connectivity Project
... large flood events. On the other hand, the study found that navigation clearance should not be significantly affected. While potential risks were clearly identified, the consensus on the magnitude and scope of adaptation was only reached through continued dialogue and weighing response options and c ...
... large flood events. On the other hand, the study found that navigation clearance should not be significantly affected. While potential risks were clearly identified, the consensus on the magnitude and scope of adaptation was only reached through continued dialogue and weighing response options and c ...
climate change WG II
... or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected. Vulnerability: The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity ...
... or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected. Vulnerability: The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity ...
Great Lakes Restoration and the Threat of Global Warming
... changes to the climate and to natural ecosystems. It is imperative that the federal government move swiftly to reduce emissions 80 percent by the middle of the century—a level of reduction that climate scientists have deemed necessary to avoid the worst impacts of global warming. The impacts of warm ...
... changes to the climate and to natural ecosystems. It is imperative that the federal government move swiftly to reduce emissions 80 percent by the middle of the century—a level of reduction that climate scientists have deemed necessary to avoid the worst impacts of global warming. The impacts of warm ...
English
... must be inclusive, gender-responsive, and prioritize the poorest and most vulnerable. The Paris Agreement has laid out the path for the world to work together and it is now our responsibility to take those steps and achieve those ambitions. We must now work with all members of society to take bold a ...
... must be inclusive, gender-responsive, and prioritize the poorest and most vulnerable. The Paris Agreement has laid out the path for the world to work together and it is now our responsibility to take those steps and achieve those ambitions. We must now work with all members of society to take bold a ...
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... In this study the first steps towards a DSS are described, which considers the combined effects of changing climate and changing nutrient loads on the Baltic Sea ecosystem. For this purpose a hierarchy of existing state-of-theart, regional sub-models of the Earth system is applied (Figure 1). The atmo ...
... In this study the first steps towards a DSS are described, which considers the combined effects of changing climate and changing nutrient loads on the Baltic Sea ecosystem. For this purpose a hierarchy of existing state-of-theart, regional sub-models of the Earth system is applied (Figure 1). The atmo ...
Ethnographic Perspectives on Resilience To Climate Variability in
... change. This is recognised by both the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It is well established that island communities are extremely vulnerable to extreme events such as droughts, cyclones, floods and storm surge ...
... change. This is recognised by both the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It is well established that island communities are extremely vulnerable to extreme events such as droughts, cyclones, floods and storm surge ...
Assessment of carbon dynamics in relation to nutrient
... atmosphere and nearly 10 times the amount stored in plants and soils (Sabine et al. 2004). It act as a net sink for approximately 1.7 billion metric tons of CO2 per year. About 45% of the CO2 released from fossil fuel combustion and land use activities during the 1990s has remained in the atmosphere ...
... atmosphere and nearly 10 times the amount stored in plants and soils (Sabine et al. 2004). It act as a net sink for approximately 1.7 billion metric tons of CO2 per year. About 45% of the CO2 released from fossil fuel combustion and land use activities during the 1990s has remained in the atmosphere ...
Constructing Sea-Level Scenarios for Impact and Adaptation
... Figure 3: The estimated budget of the components of global mean sea level change (A), their sum (B) compared to the observed rate of rise (C). The blue (or upper) bar represents the 90% error range for 1961 to 2003 and the brown (or lower) bar, the 90% error range for 1993 to 2003. The difference be ...
... Figure 3: The estimated budget of the components of global mean sea level change (A), their sum (B) compared to the observed rate of rise (C). The blue (or upper) bar represents the 90% error range for 1961 to 2003 and the brown (or lower) bar, the 90% error range for 1993 to 2003. The difference be ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""