Toxoplasmosis
... results in shedding of oocysts (eggs) in the faeces, but an immune response rapidly develops which halts both shedding of eggs and replication of the organism in the body. Despite the immune response, infection still persists in the form of microscopic cysts present in some tissues of the body, alth ...
... results in shedding of oocysts (eggs) in the faeces, but an immune response rapidly develops which halts both shedding of eggs and replication of the organism in the body. Despite the immune response, infection still persists in the form of microscopic cysts present in some tissues of the body, alth ...
18 Infection Prevention and Control
... transmission, involving the interaction between host, agent and environment. • Infection control practices aim to prevent infection transmission by limiting the exposure of susceptible people (hosts) to microorganisms (agents) that may cause infection. ...
... transmission, involving the interaction between host, agent and environment. • Infection control practices aim to prevent infection transmission by limiting the exposure of susceptible people (hosts) to microorganisms (agents) that may cause infection. ...
Description
... • The lesion may be large solitary and resembles a tumor, the size of lesion may up to 10-20 cm in diameter, rupture of nodules discharge pus which is sticky mucoid and yellow and has whitish yellow seed or granules which is packed masses of Staph. sp. • This lesion may be present on shoulder, neck, ...
... • The lesion may be large solitary and resembles a tumor, the size of lesion may up to 10-20 cm in diameter, rupture of nodules discharge pus which is sticky mucoid and yellow and has whitish yellow seed or granules which is packed masses of Staph. sp. • This lesion may be present on shoulder, neck, ...
Clostridium piliforme - Charles River Laboratories
... Laboratory rodents and rabbits are susceptible to this organism, as are many other mammals. There is evidence for host species specificity among C. piliforme strains, but it is not certain if this is absolute. ...
... Laboratory rodents and rabbits are susceptible to this organism, as are many other mammals. There is evidence for host species specificity among C. piliforme strains, but it is not certain if this is absolute. ...
Bluetongue virus serotype 8 in Northern Europe
... Cycle of virus infection between midge and ruminant Parous infected female midge bites a susceptible ruminant Period of infectivity of ruminant for midge about 21 to 60 days after 3 day ‘gap’ (incubation) Uninfected female midges (1000s) bite an infected ruminant She ingests a blood meal (l ...
... Cycle of virus infection between midge and ruminant Parous infected female midge bites a susceptible ruminant Period of infectivity of ruminant for midge about 21 to 60 days after 3 day ‘gap’ (incubation) Uninfected female midges (1000s) bite an infected ruminant She ingests a blood meal (l ...
Rickettsia prowazekii
... vector and chronically infected humans are the most important reservoir. Lice live in clothing take multiple blood meals per day, acquire infection from their blood meal, excrete R. prowazekii in feces, and abandon febrile hosts for other hosts. Infected body lice eventually succumb to their R. prow ...
... vector and chronically infected humans are the most important reservoir. Lice live in clothing take multiple blood meals per day, acquire infection from their blood meal, excrete R. prowazekii in feces, and abandon febrile hosts for other hosts. Infected body lice eventually succumb to their R. prow ...
Emerging parasitic infections
... well-known protozoal parasite with a global distribution that is acquired by ingestion of either undercooked meat or food contaminated with feces from infected cats. Usually the latter infection is handled well in immunocompetent people, but in the presence of immunosuppression, latent infections ca ...
... well-known protozoal parasite with a global distribution that is acquired by ingestion of either undercooked meat or food contaminated with feces from infected cats. Usually the latter infection is handled well in immunocompetent people, but in the presence of immunosuppression, latent infections ca ...
caseouslymphadenitissmallruminantsjuly2010
... sternum to the ground when lying down are risk factors in environmental transmission. • Dipping for ectoparasite control is also an important risk factor. The bacteria can persist in reused and ...
... sternum to the ground when lying down are risk factors in environmental transmission. • Dipping for ectoparasite control is also an important risk factor. The bacteria can persist in reused and ...
Ch.13 Part II
... Animals as Reservoirs and Sources • A live animal (other than human) that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another is called a vector • Majority of vectors are arthropods – fleas, mosquitoes, flies, and ticks • Some larger animals can also spread infection – mammals, birds, lower vert ...
... Animals as Reservoirs and Sources • A live animal (other than human) that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another is called a vector • Majority of vectors are arthropods – fleas, mosquitoes, flies, and ticks • Some larger animals can also spread infection – mammals, birds, lower vert ...
RST .1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science
... Reading Assignment: Introduction to Health Care Chap. 10, pg. 210‐212 ...
... Reading Assignment: Introduction to Health Care Chap. 10, pg. 210‐212 ...
Recurrent Nonfatal Chromobacterium violaceum Infection in a
... case, reducing the mortality rate to 64%. Underlying defects in host defenses seem to predispose to infection. However, a number of cases have been described with no known host-factor dysfunction.[2] There has been documentation of patients with chronic granulomatous disease and susceptibility to t ...
... case, reducing the mortality rate to 64%. Underlying defects in host defenses seem to predispose to infection. However, a number of cases have been described with no known host-factor dysfunction.[2] There has been documentation of patients with chronic granulomatous disease and susceptibility to t ...
Brucellosis (human) - World Health Organization
... Brucellosis is a widespread zoonosis mainly transmitted from cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and camels through direct contact with blood, placenta, fetuses or uterine secretions, or through consumption of contaminated raw animal products (especially unpasteurized milk and soft cheese). In endemic areas, ...
... Brucellosis is a widespread zoonosis mainly transmitted from cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and camels through direct contact with blood, placenta, fetuses or uterine secretions, or through consumption of contaminated raw animal products (especially unpasteurized milk and soft cheese). In endemic areas, ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.