lentiviruses in ungulates. i. general features, history and prevalence
... the USA, Turkey, France, Japan. In most cases the seropositivity percentage varies between 1.5 and 15%. An exception is the Republic of Korea, where specific anti- ...
... the USA, Turkey, France, Japan. In most cases the seropositivity percentage varies between 1.5 and 15%. An exception is the Republic of Korea, where specific anti- ...
Introduction to Statistical Methods
... Goal 1: Prevent further rises in ESLD/HCC, leading to falling numbers • New therapies must be made available immediately to anyone presenting with HCV-related cirrhosis • Modelling work indicates prevalence of HCV-related cirrhosis is approaching 11,000 individuals and rising* • Need to rapidly sca ...
... Goal 1: Prevent further rises in ESLD/HCC, leading to falling numbers • New therapies must be made available immediately to anyone presenting with HCV-related cirrhosis • Modelling work indicates prevalence of HCV-related cirrhosis is approaching 11,000 individuals and rising* • Need to rapidly sca ...
Parazitológia
... • Definitive host: animal harboring the adult or sexually mature stage of the parasite. • Intermediate host: animal in which development occurs but in which adulthood is not reached. • Life cycle: for survival and reproduction reasons many parasites evolve through a number of morphologic stages and ...
... • Definitive host: animal harboring the adult or sexually mature stage of the parasite. • Intermediate host: animal in which development occurs but in which adulthood is not reached. • Life cycle: for survival and reproduction reasons many parasites evolve through a number of morphologic stages and ...
Microbiology
... Acute Transient Infection– Mumps Virus: General Features: o Paramyxovirus: enveloped, negative-sense, ssRNA o Transmission: respiratory droplets o Now have vaccination: previously seen in young children, but now outbreaks that do occur are commonly in older children and young adults (due to lack of ...
... Acute Transient Infection– Mumps Virus: General Features: o Paramyxovirus: enveloped, negative-sense, ssRNA o Transmission: respiratory droplets o Now have vaccination: previously seen in young children, but now outbreaks that do occur are commonly in older children and young adults (due to lack of ...
The animals get it from
... BSE basically deteriorates the inside of your body, mostly the spinal cord, tissue, an brain No treatment or diagnosis for disease There really isn’t a way to avoid it since prions are indestructible, but avoiding diseased animals and stop the reuse of dead cows ashes turned into powder for the food ...
... BSE basically deteriorates the inside of your body, mostly the spinal cord, tissue, an brain No treatment or diagnosis for disease There really isn’t a way to avoid it since prions are indestructible, but avoiding diseased animals and stop the reuse of dead cows ashes turned into powder for the food ...
Infection with Bonamia exitiosa
... be representative of a number of diseases not included in this guide, which therefore should not be used to provide a definitive diagnosis, but rather as a tool to help identify the listed diseases that most closely account for the gross signs. ...
... be representative of a number of diseases not included in this guide, which therefore should not be used to provide a definitive diagnosis, but rather as a tool to help identify the listed diseases that most closely account for the gross signs. ...
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)
... aerobic to facultative anaerobic. It grow on blood agar giving pin point colonies of white or creamy-opaque, flat of matted surface with narrow zone of hemolysis within 1-2 days of incubation. ...
... aerobic to facultative anaerobic. It grow on blood agar giving pin point colonies of white or creamy-opaque, flat of matted surface with narrow zone of hemolysis within 1-2 days of incubation. ...
/tJ 8LOp YOU CAN' STOP BRUCELLOSIS
... It is one of the common INFECTIOUS DISEASES of humans in the United States. Two per cent of the SEVERE CASES CAUSE DEATH. Disability for long periods with frequent relapses after apparent recovery is common. ...
... It is one of the common INFECTIOUS DISEASES of humans in the United States. Two per cent of the SEVERE CASES CAUSE DEATH. Disability for long periods with frequent relapses after apparent recovery is common. ...
Handout 2 Employer and Employee Roles and
... Everyone within a health and social care setting has responsibility for preventing infection. Employees and visitors to a care setting must do all they can to avoid getting and passing on pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, that cause illness and disease. Employees and employers working in heal ...
... Everyone within a health and social care setting has responsibility for preventing infection. Employees and visitors to a care setting must do all they can to avoid getting and passing on pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, that cause illness and disease. Employees and employers working in heal ...
Water Raises Risk of Livestock Disease
... Dr. Bob Hillman, Texas’ state veterinarian and head of the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC), the state’s livestock and poultry health regulatory agency. “You need time for the vaccine to do its job, which is to build the animal’s immunity to a particular disease,” he said. “Vaccine can provide ...
... Dr. Bob Hillman, Texas’ state veterinarian and head of the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC), the state’s livestock and poultry health regulatory agency. “You need time for the vaccine to do its job, which is to build the animal’s immunity to a particular disease,” he said. “Vaccine can provide ...
Livestock - Johne's Disease
... • Response to treatment. Animals do not respond to treatment. • Fever. Animals may show fever from time to time. Secondary signs can include swelling below the mouth (bottle jaw) - which is similar to fluid accumulation seen with severe, chronic parasitism. What can be done to treat Johne’s disease? ...
... • Response to treatment. Animals do not respond to treatment. • Fever. Animals may show fever from time to time. Secondary signs can include swelling below the mouth (bottle jaw) - which is similar to fluid accumulation seen with severe, chronic parasitism. What can be done to treat Johne’s disease? ...
Teacher notes and student sheets
... This may not be realistic as people can move in or out of the area and this is not taken into account. The random number generator is used to decide whether a neighbour is infected or an infected cell dies. You can change the model to see how different factors affect the spread of the disease. ...
... This may not be realistic as people can move in or out of the area and this is not taken into account. The random number generator is used to decide whether a neighbour is infected or an infected cell dies. You can change the model to see how different factors affect the spread of the disease. ...
Teacher notes and student sheets
... This may not be realistic as people can move in or out of the area and this is not taken into account. The random number generator is used to decide whether a neighbour is infected or an infected cell dies. You can change the model to see how different factors affect the spread of the disease. ...
... This may not be realistic as people can move in or out of the area and this is not taken into account. The random number generator is used to decide whether a neighbour is infected or an infected cell dies. You can change the model to see how different factors affect the spread of the disease. ...
giardia - University of Guelph
... Most human infections occur from human-to-human transmission by contaminated water sources, or by fecal-oral route. ...
... Most human infections occur from human-to-human transmission by contaminated water sources, or by fecal-oral route. ...
mor
... animal, object or substance from which an infectious agent passes or is disseminated to the host (immediate source). The reservoir is “any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, or substance, or a combination of these, in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends ...
... animal, object or substance from which an infectious agent passes or is disseminated to the host (immediate source). The reservoir is “any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, or substance, or a combination of these, in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends ...
Raccoons are a menace to more than just your garbage can
... www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6535a2.htm?s_cid=mm6535a2_w. The roundworm Baylisascaris procyonis is a rare but likely underreported infection that can cause permanent neurologic impairment and death in human hosts. B. procyonis is found throughout North America, predominantly in raccoons, which t ...
... www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6535a2.htm?s_cid=mm6535a2_w. The roundworm Baylisascaris procyonis is a rare but likely underreported infection that can cause permanent neurologic impairment and death in human hosts. B. procyonis is found throughout North America, predominantly in raccoons, which t ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.