Interferons
... Witkowski and Roland Robins • It inhibits the replication of a variety of RNA and DNA viruses and is serves as an immunomodulator to enhance type 1 cytokine production. This increases the end of treatment response and reduces post-treatment relapse. • Mechanism is not well known, but there are 4 pro ...
... Witkowski and Roland Robins • It inhibits the replication of a variety of RNA and DNA viruses and is serves as an immunomodulator to enhance type 1 cytokine production. This increases the end of treatment response and reduces post-treatment relapse. • Mechanism is not well known, but there are 4 pro ...
2014NOF骨质疏松指南解读
... Although rare, low trauma atypical femur fractures may be associated with the long-term use of bisphosphonates (e.g. >5 years of use). Pain in the thigh or groin area, which can be bilateral, often precedes these unusual fractures. For patients with thigh and groin pain, a stress fracture in t ...
... Although rare, low trauma atypical femur fractures may be associated with the long-term use of bisphosphonates (e.g. >5 years of use). Pain in the thigh or groin area, which can be bilateral, often precedes these unusual fractures. For patients with thigh and groin pain, a stress fracture in t ...
A New Kind of Ecology? Thinking of Biology
... ecological systems consist of many interacting elements, only some of which are known and understood for any point in time and space. This makes the attempt to understand ecological systems very difficult, because not all information present in the system can be used without constructing a model as ...
... ecological systems consist of many interacting elements, only some of which are known and understood for any point in time and space. This makes the attempt to understand ecological systems very difficult, because not all information present in the system can be used without constructing a model as ...
STIMULANTS
... Mechanism of Action – Adenosine is created from the process by which the body breaks down ATP for energy ATP is used throughout the body for energy Used for high energy bursts such as exercising and running Phosphates form a high energy bond Cells break the phosphate bond to extrapolate the ...
... Mechanism of Action – Adenosine is created from the process by which the body breaks down ATP for energy ATP is used throughout the body for energy Used for high energy bursts such as exercising and running Phosphates form a high energy bond Cells break the phosphate bond to extrapolate the ...
Slide 1
... adenylylation). One enzyme may inactivate all aminoglycosides. Most enzymes that act against gentamicin also inactive tobramycin. Very few can inactivate amikacin. Ribosomal or transport mutations can also result in resistance, but there are rare. Toxicity is not immediate, and can be taken for abo ...
... adenylylation). One enzyme may inactivate all aminoglycosides. Most enzymes that act against gentamicin also inactive tobramycin. Very few can inactivate amikacin. Ribosomal or transport mutations can also result in resistance, but there are rare. Toxicity is not immediate, and can be taken for abo ...
Organismal Interactions and Ecology
... Enduring understanding 4.B: Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems. Competition and cooperation play important roles in the activities of biological systems at all levels of organization. Similar cells may compete with each other when resources are limited; for examp ...
... Enduring understanding 4.B: Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems. Competition and cooperation play important roles in the activities of biological systems at all levels of organization. Similar cells may compete with each other when resources are limited; for examp ...
Strategies for the selection of reference organisms in environmental
... apparent that many of these factors interact and will indirectly affect the population dynamics [12]. Some species, keystone species, have an effect out of all proportion to their commonness or biomass in an ecological community and cause serious consequences for the inhabitants upon removal. Predat ...
... apparent that many of these factors interact and will indirectly affect the population dynamics [12]. Some species, keystone species, have an effect out of all proportion to their commonness or biomass in an ecological community and cause serious consequences for the inhabitants upon removal. Predat ...
Adverse effects
... • Mechanism: Inhibits monoamine oxidase, which normally inhibits the activity of epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine, and may help depression by increasing amount of norepinephrine and serotonin thus available. • Therapeutic Use: Depression. Due to potential for serious interactions ...
... • Mechanism: Inhibits monoamine oxidase, which normally inhibits the activity of epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine, and may help depression by increasing amount of norepinephrine and serotonin thus available. • Therapeutic Use: Depression. Due to potential for serious interactions ...
Antipyretic, analgesic and anti
... named; the "a" --- acetyl grouping and the "spirin" --- botanical genus spiraea, from which salicylates could be extracted. • Now, more than 30 million people consume NSAIDs daily and of these 40% of the patients are more than 60 years of age. • The consumption of NSAIDs is No. 1 among all drugs. ...
... named; the "a" --- acetyl grouping and the "spirin" --- botanical genus spiraea, from which salicylates could be extracted. • Now, more than 30 million people consume NSAIDs daily and of these 40% of the patients are more than 60 years of age. • The consumption of NSAIDs is No. 1 among all drugs. ...
Neurological Agents Chart
... Duration of Action: 30-60 minutes after single bolus Fast onset: half-time to blood-brain equilibration 1-3 minutes Fast recovery: can ambulate earlier after general anesthesia Metabolism: rapidly in the liver Issues: high incidence of pain on injection and postoperative N/V Metabolism: extensive he ...
... Duration of Action: 30-60 minutes after single bolus Fast onset: half-time to blood-brain equilibration 1-3 minutes Fast recovery: can ambulate earlier after general anesthesia Metabolism: rapidly in the liver Issues: high incidence of pain on injection and postoperative N/V Metabolism: extensive he ...
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs 1
... -Sjogren syndrome (immunologic disorder with destruction of the exocrine glands) leading to mucosal dryness ...
... -Sjogren syndrome (immunologic disorder with destruction of the exocrine glands) leading to mucosal dryness ...
carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
... The author thankfull to C. Abdul Hakeem College for providing facilities to carry out of the experimental work. Our sincere thank to Dr. K.Devi, Department of Zoology, DKM College, Vellore, Tamilnadu for his valuable suggestion and constant ...
... The author thankfull to C. Abdul Hakeem College for providing facilities to carry out of the experimental work. Our sincere thank to Dr. K.Devi, Department of Zoology, DKM College, Vellore, Tamilnadu for his valuable suggestion and constant ...
Antipsychotics - Yorkshire and the Humber Deanery
... behaviour causing significant distress) only if: risks and benefits have been fully discussed changes in cognition are regularly assessed and recorded target symptoms identified and changes regularly assessed and recorded comorbid conditions, such as depression, have been considered drug i ...
... behaviour causing significant distress) only if: risks and benefits have been fully discussed changes in cognition are regularly assessed and recorded target symptoms identified and changes regularly assessed and recorded comorbid conditions, such as depression, have been considered drug i ...
Guidelines for PowerPointBooklet Presentations
... that enable it to survive in its natural environment. – For example, camouflage, coloring, mimicry, long legs or beak, shell, etc. • What are some of its behavioral adaptations? ...
... that enable it to survive in its natural environment. – For example, camouflage, coloring, mimicry, long legs or beak, shell, etc. • What are some of its behavioral adaptations? ...
Drugs used to Treat Depression
... • Long acting, irreversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase • Have been used since the 1950’s but have a controversial past • Has potential for serious side effects and potentially fatal interactions with other drugs and food • MAO is one of two enzymes that break down neurotransmitters 5-HT and NE ...
... • Long acting, irreversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase • Have been used since the 1950’s but have a controversial past • Has potential for serious side effects and potentially fatal interactions with other drugs and food • MAO is one of two enzymes that break down neurotransmitters 5-HT and NE ...
Animal Models of Ethanol and Nicotine Interactions
... • The goal is to identify polymorphisms that contribute to this variation • The “answer” obtained depends on the population studied (if the animal studied does not have a “poly” in an important gene forward genetics will fail to detect a role for that gene) • Can be slow, time consuming, frustrating ...
... • The goal is to identify polymorphisms that contribute to this variation • The “answer” obtained depends on the population studied (if the animal studied does not have a “poly” in an important gene forward genetics will fail to detect a role for that gene) • Can be slow, time consuming, frustrating ...
Neuro-Science Outline
... Research has shown that small doses of cannabinoids from cannabis can signal the body to make more endocannabinoids and build more cannabinoid receptors. This is why many first-time cannabis users don't feel an effect, but by their second or third time using the herb they have built more cannabinoid ...
... Research has shown that small doses of cannabinoids from cannabis can signal the body to make more endocannabinoids and build more cannabinoid receptors. This is why many first-time cannabis users don't feel an effect, but by their second or third time using the herb they have built more cannabinoid ...
Anti-arrhythmic Drugs and Cardiac Arrest
... Atropine 1-3mg or 20mcg/kg – removed from adult PEA/asystole guidelines, still paediatrics NaHCO3 1mmol/kg - paediatrics AMIODARONE ...
... Atropine 1-3mg or 20mcg/kg – removed from adult PEA/asystole guidelines, still paediatrics NaHCO3 1mmol/kg - paediatrics AMIODARONE ...
Impact of Pollutants on Coastal and Benthic Marine Communities
... (MT) genes and MT protein synthesis [25, 26]. In mussels, two families of MT isoforms have been characterised recently [27]; it has been suggested that these isoforms may accomplish different functions in presence of different metals and stressors. Whereas the monomeric MT10 isoforms have been repor ...
... (MT) genes and MT protein synthesis [25, 26]. In mussels, two families of MT isoforms have been characterised recently [27]; it has been suggested that these isoforms may accomplish different functions in presence of different metals and stressors. Whereas the monomeric MT10 isoforms have been repor ...
Unit 2 Lesson 7a Bioaccumulation
... ? The process by which chemical substances are ingested and retained by organisms, either from the environment directly or through consumption of food containing the chemicals. Bioconcentration ? The ability of an organism to selectively accumulate certain chemicals, elements, or substances within i ...
... ? The process by which chemical substances are ingested and retained by organisms, either from the environment directly or through consumption of food containing the chemicals. Bioconcentration ? The ability of an organism to selectively accumulate certain chemicals, elements, or substances within i ...
Toxicodynamics
Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.