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Chapter 1 Security Problems in Computing
Chapter 1 Security Problems in Computing

...  activation record (or stack frame) Heap is for allocating data requested dynamically by a user program, such as via malloc( ) in C or new in C++. Heap overflows are generally much harder to exploit than stack overflows. Why? csci5233 computer security & integrity (VM: Ch. 7) ...
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... • Each instruction has information which tells the HCS12 the address of the data in memory it operates on. • The addressing mode of the instruction tells the HCS12 how to figure out the effective address for the instruction. • Each HCS12 instructions consists of a one or two byte op code which tells ...
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... The idea of pattern matching is that, to see the contents of an object, the same syntax can be used as in creating the object, only on the left hand side of a binding rather than the right. This makes it very easy to write declarative code which manipulates functional data structures. In many functi ...
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... function is implemented. You can write a call to calculate_triangular_number without concerning yourself at that time with the details of operation of that function. All you need to know is that you can develop the function at a later time. The same programming technique that makes programs easier t ...
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Subroutine

In computer programming, a subroutine is a sequence of program instructions that perform a specific task, packaged as a unit. This unit can then be used in programs wherever that particular task should be performed. Subprograms may be defined within programs, or separately in libraries that can be used by multiple programs. In different programming languages, a subroutine may be called a procedure, a function, a routine, a method, or a subprogram. The generic term callable unit is sometimes used.As the name subprogram suggests, a subroutine behaves in much the same way as a computer program that is used as one step in a larger program or another subprogram. A subroutine is often coded so that it can be started (called) several times and from several places during one execution of the program, including from other subroutines, and then branch back (return) to the next instruction after the call once the subroutine's task is done. Maurice Wilkes, David Wheeler, and Stanley Gill are credited with the invention of this concept, which they termed a closed subroutine, contrasted with an open subroutine or macro.Subroutines are a powerful programming tool, and the syntax of many programming languages includes support for writing and using them. Judicious use of subroutines (for example, through the structured programming approach) will often substantially reduce the cost of developing and maintaining a large program, while increasing its quality and reliability. Subroutines, often collected into libraries, are an important mechanism for sharing and trading software. The discipline of object-oriented programming is based on objects and methods (which are subroutines attached to these objects or object classes).In the compiling method called threaded code, the executable program is basically a sequence of subroutine calls.
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