... in cluster sampling studies, where computer programs are not available. However, because of the variability in herd susceptibility to diseases, and environmental and management differences between regions, it may be inappropriate to uniformly assign a particular value of the ICC to a specific diseas ...
Evolution of virulence - Population Health Sciences
... from immobilized hosts and therefore should evolve to a higher level of virulence than directly transmitted parasites. A comparison of viral, bacterial, and protozoal agents of human diseases showed that vector-borne pathogens are more lethal on a per-infection basis than are directly transmitted pa ...
... from immobilized hosts and therefore should evolve to a higher level of virulence than directly transmitted parasites. A comparison of viral, bacterial, and protozoal agents of human diseases showed that vector-borne pathogens are more lethal on a per-infection basis than are directly transmitted pa ...
A survey on presence of new strains of infectious bronchitis virus in
... chickens. The disease is characterized by respiratory signs including gasping, coughing, sneezing, tracheal rales, and nasal discharge. In young chickens, severe respiratory distress may occur; while in layers, respiratory distress, decrease in egg production, and loss of internal and shell quality ...
... chickens. The disease is characterized by respiratory signs including gasping, coughing, sneezing, tracheal rales, and nasal discharge. In young chickens, severe respiratory distress may occur; while in layers, respiratory distress, decrease in egg production, and loss of internal and shell quality ...
Virulence Comparison of Three Buhl-Subtype Isolates of Infectious
... (1995), there are nine different serotypes of IPNV within the A serogroup. Each serotype is composed of numerous strains that exhibit an extremely wide range of virulence (Hill 1982; Silim et al. 1982; Maret, 1997). The variation of virulence among isolates may be a reflection of the complex nature ...
... (1995), there are nine different serotypes of IPNV within the A serogroup. Each serotype is composed of numerous strains that exhibit an extremely wide range of virulence (Hill 1982; Silim et al. 1982; Maret, 1997). The variation of virulence among isolates may be a reflection of the complex nature ...
Ebola Virus Disease - National Home Infusion Association
... Recommendations—Known or Suspected EVD • Current CDC recommendations focus on the hospital setting, however the recommendations for personal protective equipment (PPE) and environmental infection control measures are applicable to any healthcare setting • Healthcare personnel (HCP) refers to… – A ...
... Recommendations—Known or Suspected EVD • Current CDC recommendations focus on the hospital setting, however the recommendations for personal protective equipment (PPE) and environmental infection control measures are applicable to any healthcare setting • Healthcare personnel (HCP) refers to… – A ...
A new nodavirus is associated with covert mortality disease of shrimp
... showed that fluorescent signals were evident in the hepatopancreas, lymphoid organ and striated muscle of shrimp of the filtered injection group (Fig. 6). No reaction was observed in tissues prepared from uninfected shrimp (data not shown). The probe reacted most intensely with the inclusions in the ...
... showed that fluorescent signals were evident in the hepatopancreas, lymphoid organ and striated muscle of shrimp of the filtered injection group (Fig. 6). No reaction was observed in tissues prepared from uninfected shrimp (data not shown). The probe reacted most intensely with the inclusions in the ...
Infectious salmon anemia virus (HPR0, avirulent)
... drug purposes or to be administered to humans unless clearly expressed for that purpose by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA or the appropriate regulatory authorities in the country of use. During the warranty period Techne® Prime Pro detection kits detection kits allow precise and reprodu ...
... drug purposes or to be administered to humans unless clearly expressed for that purpose by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA or the appropriate regulatory authorities in the country of use. During the warranty period Techne® Prime Pro detection kits detection kits allow precise and reprodu ...
the foundations of medical and veterinary virology
... research program discovery of canine hepatitis virus (the first adenovirus) development of embryonated hen’s eggs as host for viruses discovery of swine influenza virus (the first Influenzavirus) discovery of western equine encephalitis virus (the first alphavirus) discovery of Rift Valley fever vir ...
... research program discovery of canine hepatitis virus (the first adenovirus) development of embryonated hen’s eggs as host for viruses discovery of swine influenza virus (the first Influenzavirus) discovery of western equine encephalitis virus (the first alphavirus) discovery of Rift Valley fever vir ...
Full-Text PDF
... generating a reassortant virus. This infectious dose was far above any that might be naturally encountered in humans. Potential reassortant viruses were identified by positive selection with HA-specific monoclonal antibody under conditions, which favour such reassortment. In two experiments a single ...
... generating a reassortant virus. This infectious dose was far above any that might be naturally encountered in humans. Potential reassortant viruses were identified by positive selection with HA-specific monoclonal antibody under conditions, which favour such reassortment. In two experiments a single ...
objective - Mungo Foundation
... Pandemic influenza is different from ‘ordinary’ seasonal flu, which for most people is an unpleasant illness but runs its natural course. A pandemic is a global disease outbreak. Pandemic flu can occur when a new influenza virus emerges which is markedly different from recently circulating strains a ...
... Pandemic influenza is different from ‘ordinary’ seasonal flu, which for most people is an unpleasant illness but runs its natural course. A pandemic is a global disease outbreak. Pandemic flu can occur when a new influenza virus emerges which is markedly different from recently circulating strains a ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
... Exposure to FECV does not necessarily produce clinical signs, however it may cause upper-respiratory-like symptoms, loose stools, fever, weight loss, lack of appetite and jaundice. Even though an infected cat may show no signs, it can continue to shed the FECV virus for up to seven weeks after expos ...
... Exposure to FECV does not necessarily produce clinical signs, however it may cause upper-respiratory-like symptoms, loose stools, fever, weight loss, lack of appetite and jaundice. Even though an infected cat may show no signs, it can continue to shed the FECV virus for up to seven weeks after expos ...
Influenza Infection in Humans
... • Fever and constitutional symptoms: body aches, headaches, fatigue • Cough, rhinnitis, sore throat • GI symptoms and myositis more common in young children • Sepsis-like syndrome in infants • Complications: sinus and ear infections, viral and bacterial pneumonia, myocarditis, pericarditis, encephal ...
... • Fever and constitutional symptoms: body aches, headaches, fatigue • Cough, rhinnitis, sore throat • GI symptoms and myositis more common in young children • Sepsis-like syndrome in infants • Complications: sinus and ear infections, viral and bacterial pneumonia, myocarditis, pericarditis, encephal ...
4-Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (Jan 2010).
... • While 2.5 billion people are at risk of infection world-wide, an estimated 50 to 100 million cases of dengue fever (DF) and several hundred thousand cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) occur per year • DHF comprises 2-5% of secondary infections, with average case fatality rate of DHF is about ...
... • While 2.5 billion people are at risk of infection world-wide, an estimated 50 to 100 million cases of dengue fever (DF) and several hundred thousand cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) occur per year • DHF comprises 2-5% of secondary infections, with average case fatality rate of DHF is about ...
Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Pathogens
... diseased and asymptomatic cats. Comparisons between blepharospasm, serous to mucopurulent ocular disstudies are difficult because prevalence is highly depencharge, and chemosis. Signs may be acute or chronic. dent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay used Depression, anorexia, hypersaliva ...
... diseased and asymptomatic cats. Comparisons between blepharospasm, serous to mucopurulent ocular disstudies are difficult because prevalence is highly depencharge, and chemosis. Signs may be acute or chronic. dent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay used Depression, anorexia, hypersaliva ...
Antiviral Activity of Favipiravir (T-705) Against Lethal Rift Valley
... Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a severe disease affecting both humans and a number of agriculturally important livestock species. The causative agent, RVF virus (RVFV), is primarily transmitted through mosquito bites, with transmission also occurring by exposure to infectious aerosols and direct contact ...
... Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a severe disease affecting both humans and a number of agriculturally important livestock species. The causative agent, RVF virus (RVFV), is primarily transmitted through mosquito bites, with transmission also occurring by exposure to infectious aerosols and direct contact ...
... (which will be discussed below), many other viruses can cause encephalitis, but in most cases, the encephalitis is milder, has fewer sequelae, and is associated with lower mortality rates (table 1). The enteroviruses (coxsackieviruses and echoviruses) are the commonest causes of acute viral meningit ...
Ebola virus-contaminated liquid waste
... in bodily fluids, including vomit, stool, blood, saliva, semen, and breast milk.7−9 Ebola virus loads of up to 108 genome copies mL−1 have been reported in blood, 107 genome copies mL−1 in stool, and 105.5 genome copies mL−1 in urine;10 however, the conversion between genome copies and infectious uni ...
... in bodily fluids, including vomit, stool, blood, saliva, semen, and breast milk.7−9 Ebola virus loads of up to 108 genome copies mL−1 have been reported in blood, 107 genome copies mL−1 in stool, and 105.5 genome copies mL−1 in urine;10 however, the conversion between genome copies and infectious uni ...
Tempo and mode of inhibitor–mutagen antiviral therapies: A
... (11), or role of the immune response (12). An important feature, rarely taken into account, is the intrinsic replicative ability of the pathogen. Many different ways to encode genomic information (ds- and ssRNA and different polarities) and a repertoire of replicating strategies have been selected b ...
... (11), or role of the immune response (12). An important feature, rarely taken into account, is the intrinsic replicative ability of the pathogen. Many different ways to encode genomic information (ds- and ssRNA and different polarities) and a repertoire of replicating strategies have been selected b ...
Polio eradication and Endgame Strategic plan
... • 1789 – First clinical account by British physician Dr. Michael Underwood • First polio epidemic in the U.S. in 1894 • 1900s widespread epidemics in Europe • Peak – paralyzed and killed up to 500 0000 per year • March of Dimes – 1938 ...
... • 1789 – First clinical account by British physician Dr. Michael Underwood • First polio epidemic in the U.S. in 1894 • 1900s widespread epidemics in Europe • Peak – paralyzed and killed up to 500 0000 per year • March of Dimes – 1938 ...
Acute Encephalitis
... (which will be discussed below), many other viruses can cause encephalitis, but in most cases, the encephalitis is milder, has fewer sequelae, and is associated with lower mortality rates (table 1). The enteroviruses (coxsackieviruses and echoviruses) are the commonest causes of acute viral meningit ...
... (which will be discussed below), many other viruses can cause encephalitis, but in most cases, the encephalitis is milder, has fewer sequelae, and is associated with lower mortality rates (table 1). The enteroviruses (coxsackieviruses and echoviruses) are the commonest causes of acute viral meningit ...
Virology, Pathology, and Clinical Manifestations of West Nile Virus
... nonfatal WNV infections appear to be cleared by the host immune response, the virus may persist in some vertebrate hosts (10,13). Clinical Manifestations The clinical spectrum of symptomatic WNV infection in humans has been further defined during the North American epidemics. About 80% of human infe ...
... nonfatal WNV infections appear to be cleared by the host immune response, the virus may persist in some vertebrate hosts (10,13). Clinical Manifestations The clinical spectrum of symptomatic WNV infection in humans has been further defined during the North American epidemics. About 80% of human infe ...
communicable disease exclusion guidelines
... eggs and/or lice remains on the infested person. Fecal-Oral Contaminated hand-to-mouth contact. Related to poor hygiene. Common source outbreaks have been related to infected foodservice workers, contaminated food or water. Incubation 28-30days range 15 – 50 days Communicable for 2 weeks before symp ...
... eggs and/or lice remains on the infested person. Fecal-Oral Contaminated hand-to-mouth contact. Related to poor hygiene. Common source outbreaks have been related to infected foodservice workers, contaminated food or water. Incubation 28-30days range 15 – 50 days Communicable for 2 weeks before symp ...
File
... virus family. The virus was first revealed in 1964 by Michael Epstein and Yvonne Barr during their research on Burkett’s lymphoma (Grywalska et al, 2013). EBV virions have a doublestranded, linear DNA genome encoding approximately 100 genes surrounded by a protein capsid. A protein tegument lies bet ...
... virus family. The virus was first revealed in 1964 by Michael Epstein and Yvonne Barr during their research on Burkett’s lymphoma (Grywalska et al, 2013). EBV virions have a doublestranded, linear DNA genome encoding approximately 100 genes surrounded by a protein capsid. A protein tegument lies bet ...
Hepatitis E virus as a newly identified cause of acute viral hepatitis
... virus (HEV) genome obtained from the patient whose case is reported herein together with HEV sequences: (i) from human cases diagnosed in the Timone Virology laboratory of Marseille; (ii) of previously determined genotypes and subtypes [7]; and (iii) from GenBank and corresponding to the ten highest ...
... virus (HEV) genome obtained from the patient whose case is reported herein together with HEV sequences: (i) from human cases diagnosed in the Timone Virology laboratory of Marseille; (ii) of previously determined genotypes and subtypes [7]; and (iii) from GenBank and corresponding to the ten highest ...
Norovirus
Norovirus, sometimes known as the winter vomiting bug in the UK, is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans. It affects people of all ages. The virus is transmitted by fecally contaminated food or water, by person-to-person contact, and via aerosolization of the virus and subsequent contamination of surfaces. The virus affects around 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths each year; these deaths are usually in less developed countries and in the very young, elderly and immunosuppressed.Norovirus infection is characterized by nausea, projectile vomiting, malodorous watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and in some cases, loss of taste. General lethargy, weakness, muscle aches, headache, and low-grade fever may occur. The disease is usually self-limiting, and severe illness is rare. Although having norovirus can be unpleasant, it is not usually dangerous and most who contract it make a full recovery within a couple of days. Norovirus is rapidly inactivated by either sufficient heating or by chlorine-based disinfectants and polyquaternary amines, but the virus is less susceptible to alcohols and detergents.After infection, immunity to norovirus is usually incomplete and temporary, with one publication drawing the conclusion that protective immunity to the same strain of norovirus lasts for six months, but that all such immunity is gone after two years. Outbreaks of norovirus infection often occur in closed or semiclosed communities, such as long-term care facilities, overnight camps, hospitals, schools, prisons, dormitories, and cruise ships, where the infection spreads very rapidly either by person-to-person transmission or through contaminated food. Many norovirus outbreaks have been traced to food that was handled by one infected person.The genus name Norovirus is derived from Norwalk virus, the only species of the genus. The species causes approximately 90% of epidemic nonbacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world, and may be responsible for 50% of all foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States.