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Case 3 - Garland Science
Case 3 - Garland Science

... Campylobacter jejuni is a slender, motile nonspore-forming curved gramnegative bacterium (Figure 1) measuring 0.2–0.5 mm wide by 0.5–5.0 mm long, with a single unsheathed polar flagellum. Its genome has been sequenced. Several species of Campylobacter exist, two of which cause the majority of human ...
The Inability of Human Immunodeficiency Virus To Infect
The Inability of Human Immunodeficiency Virus To Infect

... 18-20,22-24, 31,35). However, in HIV-1-infected chimpanzees, the identification of monocytes/macrophages as host cells for virus is lacking. Previously, we demonstrated that CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pBMCs) of uninfected donor chimpanzees readily support low levels of vir ...
Hepatitis E Virus Update December 2014
Hepatitis E Virus Update December 2014

... There is currently no commercially available HEV vaccine. However, phase II and III clinical trials have been performed with a recombinant HEV vaccine, which have demonstrated an efficacy of ~95% (14, 15). HEV prevention is currently based on practicing good sanitary techniques and avoiding consumin ...
Chicken Pox and Shingles Guidelines
Chicken Pox and Shingles Guidelines

... Chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster) are caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV). Following an attack of chickenpox, an individual develops immunity to the virus, which however remains viable in a state of latency in nerve cells. When immunity wanes, as occurs in old age and any state of immu ...
Viral Vector Policy #110.1
Viral Vector Policy #110.1

... Background: Adenoviruses are non-enveloped icosahedral viruses containing double-stranded DNA. Adenoviruses are infectious human viruses that often cause mild respiratory illness, pink eye or gastroenteritis. Rare cases of severe disease can occur, and its use as a genetic vector therefore requires ...
English - Public Health Wales
English - Public Health Wales

... sick with Ebola could be infectious, and therefore certain precautions (called standard, contact, and droplet precautions) are recommended for use in healthcare settings to prevent the transmission of Ebola virus from patients sick with Ebola to healthcare personnel and other patients or family memb ...
Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa - ECDC
Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa - ECDC

... The evolving outbreak of EVD over the last weeks increases the likelihood that residents and travellers to the EVD-affected countries will be exposed to infected or ill persons. The risk of infection for residents and visitors to the affected countries through exposure in the community is considered ...
Cleaning and Disinfection Protocol
Cleaning and Disinfection Protocol

... Non‐enveloped virus lack a lipid‐bilayer membrane.  To reproduce they must breach the membrane of a  target host cell to gain access to its cytoplasm.  The mode of transmission for non‐enveloped viruses is  characterized by the specific virus; however, the most common routes are via indirect or dire ...
Name and Address of Childcare Facility Date: RE: Slapped Cheek
Name and Address of Childcare Facility Date: RE: Slapped Cheek

... I am pregnant and have been exposed to a child with parvovirus B19. What should I do? You should contact your doctor, who may wish to do a blood test. Usually, there is no serious complication for a pregnant woman or her baby if exposed to a person with slapped cheek syndrome. About 50% of women ar ...
Feco-orally transmitted viral hepatitis in a tertiary care hospital in
Feco-orally transmitted viral hepatitis in a tertiary care hospital in

... by Poddar et al.18 who reviewed 197 children in less than 14 years of age group with acute viral hepatitis and found the prevalence of IgM anti HAV as 64.5% . Their finding was supported by the fact that population comprised only of children less than 14 years of age and HAV infection was predominan ...
4. Air shipment - summary of current regulations
4. Air shipment - summary of current regulations

... of animals is provided free to all member countries of the FAO, with results copied to FAO and OIE. Results of tests are reported rapidly, usually by Fax or E-mail. Reference virus strains and antisera to these strains can be purchased by other laboratories to enable them to undertake the identifica ...
Murine Cytomegalovirus Particle Types in Relation to Sources of
Murine Cytomegalovirus Particle Types in Relation to Sources of

... Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) preparations from mouse embryo fibroblasts and from infected salivary glands were purified on potassium tartrate density gradients and examined by electron microscopy. The cell culture virus contained multicapsid enveloped virions which are ruptured easily and account f ...
Full text in pdf format
Full text in pdf format

... bass shed IPNV that later infected young-of-the-year brook trout. Virus was recovered from 14 to 37 % of the fish that died, and 8 % of the survivors continued to c a n y virus. Mortality did not reach a n epizootic level among the brook trout, probably because the virus concentration in the effluen ...
Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global
Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global

... Flaviviridae of the genus Flavivirus. Serologically, it is a member of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex. The viruses can be designated into at least five phylogenetic lineages but only lineages 1 and 2 have been associated with significant disease outbreaks in humans [12,13]. The enzootic cycle ...
What is flu? What does the vaccine protect against? Why should
What is flu? What does the vaccine protect against? Why should

... immediately, because if you do have flu, the antivirals he or she will prescribe for you need to be taken very soon after the first symptoms appear. As you won’t know which flu virus has caused your flu, you should then have the vaccination to protect you against the other flu viruses as soon as the ...
full text
full text

... 5 animals per pen are assumed initially infected (Tab. III). In this case, the observed total number of contact infected animals (final size) is no longer caused by just one infectious animal. Therefore, the mean number of contact infected animals per initially infected animal decreases. The reasons ...
Clinical Presentations of Parvovirus B19 Infection
Clinical Presentations of Parvovirus B19 Infection

... IgG and remain contagious.11 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are preferred over less sensitive nucleic acid hybridization assays. The sensitivity and specificity of PCR assays vary widely among laboratories, and, overall, PCR does not appear to be more sensitive than IgM antibody assays for t ...
Viral–bacterial interactions in the respiratory tract
Viral–bacterial interactions in the respiratory tract

... during severe acute infections and in the course of chronic respiratory diseases. In acute conditions, such as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), mixed infections were detected in up to 27 % of all cases in which a pathogen could be identified (Bello et al., 2014). During exacerbations of chronic o ...
General Care - Diarrhea - Animal Clinic at Thorndale
General Care - Diarrhea - Animal Clinic at Thorndale

... If your cat does not exhibit the clinical signs of a major cause of diarrhea, we classify it as a minor cause. A minimum number of tests are performed to rule out common causes of minor diarrhea. These may include a physical examination, fecal exam for parasites, and possibly an x-ray. For cats that ...
Avian and swine influenza viruses
Avian and swine influenza viruses

... with invasion of the central nervous system and high mortality. These HPAI viruses are invariably members of the H5 or H7 subtypes, but not all H5 or H7 strains are highly pathogenic. LP and HPAI viruses show structural differences at the so-called cleavage site of the precursor of the viral HA, whic ...
SerologicalMarkers - Texas Department of State Health Services
SerologicalMarkers - Texas Department of State Health Services

... pregnant woman during gestation or at delivery of an infant shall: (1) take or cause to be taken a sample of the woman's blood or other appropriate specimen at an examination in the third trimester of the pregnancy; (2) submit the sample to an appropriately certified laboratory for a diagnostic test ...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 subtypes: Could genetic diversity
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 subtypes: Could genetic diversity

... importantly, understanding subtype distribution may have a bearing on vaccine design and development. At present it is not clear whether vaccine design should be subtype specific. The scientific community is divided on the possibility of generating cross protection against different subtypes using a ...
BVD - Hybu Cig Cymru
BVD - Hybu Cig Cymru

... • Buy breeding animals from an accredited herd or find out the BVD status of the source herd • Keep bought in breeding animals in isolation until they have been tested. However, single tests on individual animals can fail to pick up a carrier animal • Separate cattle with 3 metre fencing to eliminat ...
Chapter 19: VIRUSES
Chapter 19: VIRUSES

... Because viruses are inert (inactive or dormant) outside living host cells (of another organism) and do not reproduce or carry out metabolism, in this sense they are not considered ‘living’ organisms. However, once a virus enters a host cell, the viral nucleic acids become active, and viral multiplic ...
a historical review of the Measles virus, vaccine and outbreaks
a historical review of the Measles virus, vaccine and outbreaks

... "My suspicion, which is shared by others in my profession, is that the nearly 10,000 SIDS deaths that occur in the United States each year are related to one or more of the vaccines that are routinely given children. The pertussis vaccine is the most likely villain, but it could also be one or more ...
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Norovirus



Norovirus, sometimes known as the winter vomiting bug in the UK, is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans. It affects people of all ages. The virus is transmitted by fecally contaminated food or water, by person-to-person contact, and via aerosolization of the virus and subsequent contamination of surfaces. The virus affects around 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths each year; these deaths are usually in less developed countries and in the very young, elderly and immunosuppressed.Norovirus infection is characterized by nausea, projectile vomiting, malodorous watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and in some cases, loss of taste. General lethargy, weakness, muscle aches, headache, and low-grade fever may occur. The disease is usually self-limiting, and severe illness is rare. Although having norovirus can be unpleasant, it is not usually dangerous and most who contract it make a full recovery within a couple of days. Norovirus is rapidly inactivated by either sufficient heating or by chlorine-based disinfectants and polyquaternary amines, but the virus is less susceptible to alcohols and detergents.After infection, immunity to norovirus is usually incomplete and temporary, with one publication drawing the conclusion that protective immunity to the same strain of norovirus lasts for six months, but that all such immunity is gone after two years. Outbreaks of norovirus infection often occur in closed or semiclosed communities, such as long-term care facilities, overnight camps, hospitals, schools, prisons, dormitories, and cruise ships, where the infection spreads very rapidly either by person-to-person transmission or through contaminated food. Many norovirus outbreaks have been traced to food that was handled by one infected person.The genus name Norovirus is derived from Norwalk virus, the only species of the genus. The species causes approximately 90% of epidemic nonbacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world, and may be responsible for 50% of all foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States.
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