Citric Acid Cycle
... An acetyl group bonds with oxaloacetate to form citrate Two decarboxylations remove two carbons as 2CO2 Four oxidations provide hydrogen for 3NADH and one FADH2. ...
... An acetyl group bonds with oxaloacetate to form citrate Two decarboxylations remove two carbons as 2CO2 Four oxidations provide hydrogen for 3NADH and one FADH2. ...
Final Review - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... The citric acid cycle - where electron carriers, NADH and FADH2, are made in the mitochondria Oxidative phosphorylation - this process occurs in the mitochondria, and uses the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the bulk of usable energy for the cell What happens in glycolysis? Over the course ...
... The citric acid cycle - where electron carriers, NADH and FADH2, are made in the mitochondria Oxidative phosphorylation - this process occurs in the mitochondria, and uses the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the bulk of usable energy for the cell What happens in glycolysis? Over the course ...
Cellular respiration
... • Substrate-level phosphorylation: 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP (directly GTP) from Krebs cycle • Oxidative phosphorylation • 2 NADH+H+ from glycolysis: 2 × 1.5 ATP (if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms) or 2 × 2.5 ATP (malate-aspartate shuttle) • 2 NADH+H+ from the oxidative deca ...
... • Substrate-level phosphorylation: 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP (directly GTP) from Krebs cycle • Oxidative phosphorylation • 2 NADH+H+ from glycolysis: 2 × 1.5 ATP (if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms) or 2 × 2.5 ATP (malate-aspartate shuttle) • 2 NADH+H+ from the oxidative deca ...
Chapter 8 Enzymes: basic concepts and kinetics
... • The reducing equivalents are transferred to NAD+ and FAD. NADH and FADH2 are formed. • Reducing equivalents are transferred to an electron transport chain, a respiratory chain. • Free energy is stored in a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP. ...
... • The reducing equivalents are transferred to NAD+ and FAD. NADH and FADH2 are formed. • Reducing equivalents are transferred to an electron transport chain, a respiratory chain. • Free energy is stored in a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP. ...
Reactive Oxygen Species
... A scheme of the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenases. The binding of the substrate (RH) to ferric P450 (a) results in the formation of the substrate complex (b). The ferric P450 then accepts the first electron from CPR (cytochrome P450 reductase), thereby being reduced to the ...
... A scheme of the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenases. The binding of the substrate (RH) to ferric P450 (a) results in the formation of the substrate complex (b). The ferric P450 then accepts the first electron from CPR (cytochrome P450 reductase), thereby being reduced to the ...
Cellular respiration
... Cellular respiration is braking down glucose (sugars) wich are made in process of photosynthesis. There are two main types of cellular respiration 1. Aerobic-when oxygen is present 2. Anaerobic where there is no oxygen present Aerobic cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +38 ATP Ther ...
... Cellular respiration is braking down glucose (sugars) wich are made in process of photosynthesis. There are two main types of cellular respiration 1. Aerobic-when oxygen is present 2. Anaerobic where there is no oxygen present Aerobic cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +38 ATP Ther ...
Document
... a. number of electrons b. number of valence electrons c. number of protons d. number of neutrons _____ 16. Which group on the periodic table contains elements that do not normally form chemical bonds? a. Group 2 c. Group 10 b. Group 6 d. Group 18 17. The outermost energy level of an atom is consider ...
... a. number of electrons b. number of valence electrons c. number of protons d. number of neutrons _____ 16. Which group on the periodic table contains elements that do not normally form chemical bonds? a. Group 2 c. Group 10 b. Group 6 d. Group 18 17. The outermost energy level of an atom is consider ...
Biology 5.3 Cellular Respiration - Chemistry
... lactic acid. For example, during exercise, pyruvate in muscles is converted to lactate when muscles must operate without enough oxygen. ...
... lactic acid. For example, during exercise, pyruvate in muscles is converted to lactate when muscles must operate without enough oxygen. ...
Chapter 19
... - The OH- is ultimately donated by a phosphate group - From the 8 electrons and 7 H+: - 6 electrons are transferred to 3 NAD+ along with 3 H+ - 2 electrons are transferred to Q along with 2 H+ - 2 H+ are released per cycle. The two CO2 molecules do NOT come directly from the acetyl group added to Co ...
... - The OH- is ultimately donated by a phosphate group - From the 8 electrons and 7 H+: - 6 electrons are transferred to 3 NAD+ along with 3 H+ - 2 electrons are transferred to Q along with 2 H+ - 2 H+ are released per cycle. The two CO2 molecules do NOT come directly from the acetyl group added to Co ...
Harvesting Electrons from the Citric Acid Cycle
... Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate (a metabolically irreversible reaction) One of four oxidation-reduction reactions of the cycle Hydride ion from the C-2 of isocitrate is transferred to NAD+ to ...
... Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate (a metabolically irreversible reaction) One of four oxidation-reduction reactions of the cycle Hydride ion from the C-2 of isocitrate is transferred to NAD+ to ...
SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Citric Acid Cycle
... Formation of Oxaloacetate This rxn is the fifth of 5 dehydrogenase reactions. Oxaloacetate has now been regenerated so that it can react with a new molecule of acetyl CoA to repeat the cycle. ...
... Formation of Oxaloacetate This rxn is the fifth of 5 dehydrogenase reactions. Oxaloacetate has now been regenerated so that it can react with a new molecule of acetyl CoA to repeat the cycle. ...
Cellular Respiration
... • Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy ( ...
... • Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy ( ...
Week III Lecture I slides
... Oxygen molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane into the cell, then into the mitochondria ...
... Oxygen molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane into the cell, then into the mitochondria ...
Unit 2 - CST Personal Home Pages
... Review - Important Concepts for Lectures over Metabolism I know that you have had an introduction to the basics of metabolism in BIO 110. The metabolism you learned was focused on the types of metabolism that animal and plant cells carry out --aerobic respiration. The microorganisms are tremendously ...
... Review - Important Concepts for Lectures over Metabolism I know that you have had an introduction to the basics of metabolism in BIO 110. The metabolism you learned was focused on the types of metabolism that animal and plant cells carry out --aerobic respiration. The microorganisms are tremendously ...
Quiz SBI 4UI - Waterloo Region District School Board
... 22. What does the NAD Dehy, Cyt b-c1 and Cyt oxidase have in common? ...
... 22. What does the NAD Dehy, Cyt b-c1 and Cyt oxidase have in common? ...
Practice AP Multiple Choice Exam 1 Do NOT write on this! 1. Which
... 72. Process in which O2 is released as a by-product of redox reactions. 73. Process in which CO2 is released as a by-product of redox reactions. 74. Process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into other organic molecules. 75. Process found in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 76. P ...
... 72. Process in which O2 is released as a by-product of redox reactions. 73. Process in which CO2 is released as a by-product of redox reactions. 74. Process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into other organic molecules. 75. Process found in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 76. P ...
Microbiology - Chapter 7 & 8
... Anaerobes use a different set of enzymes, a Fermentative pathway that generates other acids, alcohols or gasses (lactic acid, ethanol, CO2) ** electron acceptor is an “organic molecule”** If no regeneration of NAD, the glycolysis pathway shuts down and the organism dies – no ATP ...
... Anaerobes use a different set of enzymes, a Fermentative pathway that generates other acids, alcohols or gasses (lactic acid, ethanol, CO2) ** electron acceptor is an “organic molecule”** If no regeneration of NAD, the glycolysis pathway shuts down and the organism dies – no ATP ...
Metabolism
... as compounds other than primary compounds. A compound is classified as a secondary metabolite if it does not seem to directly function in the processes of growth and development. Even though secondary compounds are a normal part of the metabolism of an organism, they are often produced in specialize ...
... as compounds other than primary compounds. A compound is classified as a secondary metabolite if it does not seem to directly function in the processes of growth and development. Even though secondary compounds are a normal part of the metabolism of an organism, they are often produced in specialize ...
C 4 plants
... – CO2 decreases and O2 increases – O2 starts combining with RuBP, leading to the production of CO2 – This is called photorespiration • C4 plants solve the problem of photorespiration – Fix CO2 to PEP (a C3 molecule) – The result is oxaloacetate, a C4 molecule ...
... – CO2 decreases and O2 increases – O2 starts combining with RuBP, leading to the production of CO2 – This is called photorespiration • C4 plants solve the problem of photorespiration – Fix CO2 to PEP (a C3 molecule) – The result is oxaloacetate, a C4 molecule ...
Sept 19th Lecture 4
... • Energy is released during these redox reactions • Bacteria must “intercept” these electrons in order to produce energy • The goal of metabolism is to conserved the energy released during these reactions and converting it to ATP • There are different bacterial strategies for conserving this energy ...
... • Energy is released during these redox reactions • Bacteria must “intercept” these electrons in order to produce energy • The goal of metabolism is to conserved the energy released during these reactions and converting it to ATP • There are different bacterial strategies for conserving this energy ...
Document
... membrane, using integral membrane proteins. These proteins form four huge trans-membrane complexes called complexes I, II, III and IV. The complexes each contain up to 40 individual polypeptide chains, which perform many different functions including enzymes and trans-membrane pumps. In the respirat ...
... membrane, using integral membrane proteins. These proteins form four huge trans-membrane complexes called complexes I, II, III and IV. The complexes each contain up to 40 individual polypeptide chains, which perform many different functions including enzymes and trans-membrane pumps. In the respirat ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.