1 Ecosystem Services and the Economics of
... 3. to develop appropriate mitigating or adaptive policies. A number of studies have drawn attention to the changes in ecosystem services and the importance of quantifying the value of these changes to human societies in terrestrial (e.g. Daily et al, 1997; Daily, 1997), marine (e.g. Duarte, 2000) an ...
... 3. to develop appropriate mitigating or adaptive policies. A number of studies have drawn attention to the changes in ecosystem services and the importance of quantifying the value of these changes to human societies in terrestrial (e.g. Daily et al, 1997; Daily, 1997), marine (e.g. Duarte, 2000) an ...
What is a national park? - Office of Environment and Heritage
... Location, altitude, rainfall, soil type and human activity are some of the factors that have influenced the development of ecosystems in NSW. The word ecosystem refers to a community of plants and animals and the interactions that occur between them and their surrounding environment. Within an ecosy ...
... Location, altitude, rainfall, soil type and human activity are some of the factors that have influenced the development of ecosystems in NSW. The word ecosystem refers to a community of plants and animals and the interactions that occur between them and their surrounding environment. Within an ecosy ...
Biodiversity in grasslands: current changes and scenarios for the
... and intermediate latitudes compared with higher latitude biomes, such as tundra (Walter, 1984). Nitrogen deposition will certainly have a major impact in N-limited systems. In general, grasslands are not the most N-limited biome, so the impact of this driver was assumed to be intermediate. Biotic ...
... and intermediate latitudes compared with higher latitude biomes, such as tundra (Walter, 1984). Nitrogen deposition will certainly have a major impact in N-limited systems. In general, grasslands are not the most N-limited biome, so the impact of this driver was assumed to be intermediate. Biotic ...
How Living Things Interact
... Most producers are green plants and algae. They make food using a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis comes from two Greek words that mean "putting together with light." Carbohydrates, which are food for plants and many animals, are created during photosynthesis. There are four things that ...
... Most producers are green plants and algae. They make food using a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis comes from two Greek words that mean "putting together with light." Carbohydrates, which are food for plants and many animals, are created during photosynthesis. There are four things that ...
"Ecosystem Engineers". - Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
... pressing environmental problems and management concerns. Humans are physical ecosystem engineers par excellence and many of the adverse effects of humans on the environment arise because of the unintended consequences of our activities as physical ecosystem engineers (e.g. dam building, dredging, har ...
... pressing environmental problems and management concerns. Humans are physical ecosystem engineers par excellence and many of the adverse effects of humans on the environment arise because of the unintended consequences of our activities as physical ecosystem engineers (e.g. dam building, dredging, har ...
Top-down and bottom-up control of large herbivore populations: a
... grazing (human-induced bottom-up control), and by acting as a generalist super predator able to topdown harvest any animal species regardless of body mass [7, 8]. Moreover, globally, ecosystems are under pressure as a result of human population increase and climate change [7, 9]. For instance, biodi ...
... grazing (human-induced bottom-up control), and by acting as a generalist super predator able to topdown harvest any animal species regardless of body mass [7, 8]. Moreover, globally, ecosystems are under pressure as a result of human population increase and climate change [7, 9]. For instance, biodi ...
KREMEN 2005 Managing Ecosystem Services_What Do We Need
... and (4) measuring the spatio-temporal scale over which providers and services operate. While each of these sub-topics is a subject of active research in ecology, this approach will be most useful in influencing environmental policy and land-use planning when applied in its entirety. For maximum effe ...
... and (4) measuring the spatio-temporal scale over which providers and services operate. While each of these sub-topics is a subject of active research in ecology, this approach will be most useful in influencing environmental policy and land-use planning when applied in its entirety. For maximum effe ...
Ecosystem Services and CBD - ALTER-Net
... harmony with nature’ where by 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential to people. Take effective and urgent action to halt by 2020 the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that ...
... harmony with nature’ where by 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential to people. Take effective and urgent action to halt by 2020 the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that ...
Interactions among grasses, shrubs, and
... from upper layers, kept this layer dry and reduced water infiltration into deep soil layers. In plots where shrubs were removed, a small reduction in soil water potential of deep soil water was observed, suggesting that grasses may use a portion of the deep soil water. Golluscio et al. (1998) presen ...
... from upper layers, kept this layer dry and reduced water infiltration into deep soil layers. In plots where shrubs were removed, a small reduction in soil water potential of deep soil water was observed, suggesting that grasses may use a portion of the deep soil water. Golluscio et al. (1998) presen ...
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
... Although every organism contributes to ecosystem processes, the nature and magnitude of individual contributions vary considerably. Research in biodiversity places much emphasis on the uniqueness of individual species and their singular contributions to ecosystem services. Yet most ecosystem process ...
... Although every organism contributes to ecosystem processes, the nature and magnitude of individual contributions vary considerably. Research in biodiversity places much emphasis on the uniqueness of individual species and their singular contributions to ecosystem services. Yet most ecosystem process ...
Playing Chutes and Ladders: Heterogeneity and
... The real issue is whether or not we can accept the fact that many ecological factors simultaneously determine the patterns we observe in natural communities (Southwood 1975, 1977b, Quinn and Dunham 1983, Courtney 1988, Leibold 1989), that the dominant forces will vary within and among systems (Karr ...
... The real issue is whether or not we can accept the fact that many ecological factors simultaneously determine the patterns we observe in natural communities (Southwood 1975, 1977b, Quinn and Dunham 1983, Courtney 1988, Leibold 1989), that the dominant forces will vary within and among systems (Karr ...
4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
... An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation. The organism that does the killing and eating is called the predator, and the food organism is the ...
... An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation. The organism that does the killing and eating is called the predator, and the food organism is the ...
Slide 1
... There is a growing concern about climate change and the impact it has on people and the ecosystems on which they depend. Temperatures have already risen 1.4°F since the start of the 20th century – with much of this warming occurring in just the last 30 years. It is also predicted that temperatures w ...
... There is a growing concern about climate change and the impact it has on people and the ecosystems on which they depend. Temperatures have already risen 1.4°F since the start of the 20th century – with much of this warming occurring in just the last 30 years. It is also predicted that temperatures w ...
Climate Change and Hazard Zonation in the Circum
... extraction, transportation networks, communication lines, industrial projects, civil facilities, and engineering maintenance systems have all increased substantially in recent decades. Rapid and extensive development has had large costs, however, in both environmental and human terms (e.g., Williams ...
... extraction, transportation networks, communication lines, industrial projects, civil facilities, and engineering maintenance systems have all increased substantially in recent decades. Rapid and extensive development has had large costs, however, in both environmental and human terms (e.g., Williams ...
Extinction and the zoogeography of West Indian land mammals
... in origin. The South Ameriran fossil record indicates that most West Indian terrestrial mammals did not evolve until the early Miocene or thereafter. The Caribbean islands had assumed essentially their modern position and configuration by the Miocene, thus leaving overwater dispersal as the primary ...
... in origin. The South Ameriran fossil record indicates that most West Indian terrestrial mammals did not evolve until the early Miocene or thereafter. The Caribbean islands had assumed essentially their modern position and configuration by the Miocene, thus leaving overwater dispersal as the primary ...
- ePrints Soton
... be an instantaneous or cumulative value. Heritability of the phenotype will depend on the reproducibility of an ecosystem’s state at time T from the process of taking a sample of that system and using it to seed an offspring system. To try and express this in a more formal fashion, if we imagine the ...
... be an instantaneous or cumulative value. Heritability of the phenotype will depend on the reproducibility of an ecosystem’s state at time T from the process of taking a sample of that system and using it to seed an offspring system. To try and express this in a more formal fashion, if we imagine the ...
Climate change impact and adaptation in temperate grassland and
... productions across the globe. Moderately elevated atmospheric CO2 in the near future is expected to increase plant photosynthetic rates but this is likely to be limited by soil nitrogen deficits. However, in Australia at least it is unlikely that positive effect of elevated CO 2 on plant production ...
... productions across the globe. Moderately elevated atmospheric CO2 in the near future is expected to increase plant photosynthetic rates but this is likely to be limited by soil nitrogen deficits. However, in Australia at least it is unlikely that positive effect of elevated CO 2 on plant production ...
Choosing appropriate temporal and spatial scales for ecological
... granted: plant succession terminates in a climax community which remains at equilibrium until exogenously disturbed after which the process of succession is restarted until the climax is reached. Human disturbance is regarded as unnatural and to have commenced in the Western Hemisphere at the time o ...
... granted: plant succession terminates in a climax community which remains at equilibrium until exogenously disturbed after which the process of succession is restarted until the climax is reached. Human disturbance is regarded as unnatural and to have commenced in the Western Hemisphere at the time o ...
Reading 15 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Maintaining
... effects these activities—feeding, growing, moving, excreting waste, etc.—have on the physical and chemical conditions of their environment. (Note that “functioning” means “showing activity” and does not imply that organisms perform purposeful roles in ecosystem-level processes.) A functioning ecosys ...
... effects these activities—feeding, growing, moving, excreting waste, etc.—have on the physical and chemical conditions of their environment. (Note that “functioning” means “showing activity” and does not imply that organisms perform purposeful roles in ecosystem-level processes.) A functioning ecosys ...
An Overview of Hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu
... According to a number of reports, hangul expanded their range during the summer months, spending the period from mid-June to mid-September at an altitude of some 3000. Most of the high areas of Dachigam, namely the whole of upper ...
... According to a number of reports, hangul expanded their range during the summer months, spending the period from mid-June to mid-September at an altitude of some 3000. Most of the high areas of Dachigam, namely the whole of upper ...
Notes Chapter 5: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
... Vines reach tree tops and form bridges between trees Stratification of specialized plant and animal niches (Fig. 5-21) Much of the animal life including insects, bats, and birds live in the sunny canopy layer abundant shelter, leaves, flowers and fruits ...
... Vines reach tree tops and form bridges between trees Stratification of specialized plant and animal niches (Fig. 5-21) Much of the animal life including insects, bats, and birds live in the sunny canopy layer abundant shelter, leaves, flowers and fruits ...
stability of terrestrial ecosystems as to pest organisms
... Dendrolimus pini cited in the section 3(1). Further, the absence in some pine ecosystems of perceptible density of Porthetria monacha in the period of an area-wide outbreak of this species suggests that active CESPPs 2.1.1.2.1.2.1. "Antibiosis to herbivores, Physiological (biochemical), Permanent." ...
... Dendrolimus pini cited in the section 3(1). Further, the absence in some pine ecosystems of perceptible density of Porthetria monacha in the period of an area-wide outbreak of this species suggests that active CESPPs 2.1.1.2.1.2.1. "Antibiosis to herbivores, Physiological (biochemical), Permanent." ...
Ecology
... among birds wintering in European latitudes comes from the increase in day length past an initial threshold. Physiological changes encourage the deposition of fat, particularly beneath the skin (subcutaneous) and inside the abdomen (visceral). Fat is the vital fuel used by migrating birds, which oft ...
... among birds wintering in European latitudes comes from the increase in day length past an initial threshold. Physiological changes encourage the deposition of fat, particularly beneath the skin (subcutaneous) and inside the abdomen (visceral). Fat is the vital fuel used by migrating birds, which oft ...
PDF
... rains continued into summer in a naturally extended rainy season throughout northern California, spring-addition plots stood out as islands of low biodiversity and reduced consumer abundances (Fig. 3B and 4). In addition to the nearly 50% reduction in plant species richness in spring-addition relati ...
... rains continued into summer in a naturally extended rainy season throughout northern California, spring-addition plots stood out as islands of low biodiversity and reduced consumer abundances (Fig. 3B and 4). In addition to the nearly 50% reduction in plant species richness in spring-addition relati ...
Pleistocene Park
Pleistocene Park (Russian: Плейстоценовый парк) is a nature reserve on the Kolyma River south of Chersky in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in northeastern Siberia, where an attempt is being made to recreate the northern subarctic steppe grassland ecosystem that flourished in the area during the last glacial period.The project is being led by Russian researcher Sergey Zimov, with hopes to back the hypothesis that overhunting, and not climate change, was primarily responsible for the extinction of wildlife and the disappearance of the grasslands at the end of the Pleistocene epoch.A further aim is to research the climatic effects of the expected changes in the ecosystem. Here the hypothesis is that the change from tundra to grassland will result in a raised ratio of energy emission to energy absorption of the area, leading to less thawing of permafrost and thereby less emission of greenhouse gases.To study this, large herbivores have been released, and their effect on the local fauna is being monitored. Preliminary results point at the ecologically low-grade tundra biome being converted into a productive grassland biome, and at the energy emission of the area being raised.A documentary is being produced about the park by an American journalist and filmmaker.