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What Is Addiction?
What Is Addiction?

... •  About 6.1 million Americans aged 12 and older used prescription drugs for nonmedical reasons in the past month. •  It is particularly common among teens and young adults. •  The problem may be getting worse among the youngest segment of society, with nearly 15 percent of 12th graders reporting pr ...
stay alcohol DRUG FREE and - Southeast Missouri Behavioral Health
stay alcohol DRUG FREE and - Southeast Missouri Behavioral Health

... certain OTC cold and allergy medications, or alcohol. If combined, they can slow breathing, or slow both the heart and respiration, which can be fatal. Discontinuing prolonged use of high doses of CNS depressants can lead to withdrawal. Because they work by slowing the brain’s activity, a potential ...
supportive care in oncology : historical perspectives and future options
supportive care in oncology : historical perspectives and future options

Sustained release micropellets of paracetamol followed zero
Sustained release micropellets of paracetamol followed zero

... maintaining a constant drug level for a specific period of time with minimum side effects. Sustained release tablets and capsules are commonly taken once or twice daily, compared with counterpart conventional forms that may have to be taken 3 or 4 times daily to achieve the same therapeutic effect. ...
Date Of Origin
Date Of Origin

... AB-rated generic products are lower cost and considered to be pharmaceutical equivalents of the branded products, with the same clinical effect and safety profile when administered to patients under the conditions specified in the package labelling. Patients who are adherent, yet do not respond to e ...
Mendel’s Laws: Breaking the Law
Mendel’s Laws: Breaking the Law

Hardy-Weinberg Practice
Hardy-Weinberg Practice

... agent, such as genetic drift, natural selection, nonrandom mating, mutation or gene flow. Remember that the dominant phenotype characteristic is displayed by both the homozygous dominant and the heterozygous genotypes. The homozygous recessive genotype automatically results in the recessive phenotyp ...
Allele Frequencies, Genotype Frequencies, and Hardy
Allele Frequencies, Genotype Frequencies, and Hardy

... A maximum likelihood estimate of a parameter θ is the estimate of θ that maximizes the likelihood function. This provides an estimate of θ that “best explains” the observed data in some sense. For our example, we want to find the pAA and pBB that maximizes L(pAA,pAB). Sometimes it is possible to det ...
Herb-Drug Interactions: What Clinicians Need to Know.
Herb-Drug Interactions: What Clinicians Need to Know.

... sites of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic interactions.7-10 Of those, the liver is the major site of drug metabolism, with the intestines playing a secondary yet potentially important role.11 Drug metabolic pathways historically have been classified into 2 groups—phase I and phase II. These 2 pha ...
investing in drug and alcohol treatment
investing in drug and alcohol treatment

... · Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist that has shown considerable potential for treating heroin dependence. It has the advantages of being safer in overdose than pure opiates, amenability to thrice-weekly dosing and reduced withdrawal symptoms on cessation. It warrants inclusion as an alternat ...
Development of solid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: preparation techniques and dosage forms
Development of solid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: preparation techniques and dosage forms

... exploited in recent years, as they frequently represent more effective alternatives to conventional liquid SEDDS. From the perspective of dosage forms, S-SEDDS mean solid dosage forms with self-emulsification properties. S-SEDDS focus on the incorporation of liquid/semisolid SE ingredients into powd ...
Low Molecular Weight Heparin and Warfarin or Rivaroxaban for the
Low Molecular Weight Heparin and Warfarin or Rivaroxaban for the

... usually be restarted the following day when complete haemostasis has been secured but if there is concern over bleeding then re-introduction should be delayed, bridging therapy with LMWH may be required if there is a more than 24 hour delay. Management of bleeding on rivaroxaban Where there is minor ...
Answers PDP Chapter 11.2
Answers PDP Chapter 11.2

... outcome, but rather an average outcomes of a large number of events. The larger the number of offspring, the closer the resulting numbers will be to the expected results. ...
Senate inquiry into gene patents - Clinical Oncology Society of
Senate inquiry into gene patents - Clinical Oncology Society of

... tools and limited clinical trials of gene therapy over a relatively short time. The pace of innovation is set to accelerate over the next five to 10 years, with wide-ranging implications in terms of health system infrastructure, costs and patient/consumer expectations. Recent gene therapy (or “gene ...
Ch. 14 Mendelian Genetics notes
Ch. 14 Mendelian Genetics notes

... • Environmental conditions can influence the phenotypic expression of a gene, so that a single genotype may produce a range of phenotypes • One may have a history of heart disease in their family and thus be at risk of heart disease themselves. If this person watches his/her diet, exercises, doesn’t ...
Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs
Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs

... Deviation from a linear dose-response relationship, as shown for drug B, will require proportionately greater dosage increments in order to achive CNS depression more profound than hypnosis. This appears to be the case for most drugs of the benzodiazepine class, and the greater margin of safety is a ...
Uppers, Downers, All Arounders, 7th Edition
Uppers, Downers, All Arounders, 7th Edition

... Opiods control diarrhea because they affect areas in the brainstem that inhibit gastric secretions and depress the activity of intestinal muscles. Constipation can become a severe problem for surgical patients or for those with intractable pain who use opioids over a long period. ...
Managing Medication in the Last Years, Months and Days of Life
Managing Medication in the Last Years, Months and Days of Life

... There is a wide body of evidence to show that taking multiple medications (polypharmacy) is common in older people and that this can cause adverse drug events and adverse health outcomes 1,2,3. Although not all people in the last years, months and days of life are elderly, a significant number of th ...
mendelian genetics powerpoint 2013
mendelian genetics powerpoint 2013

... (TT and Tt) can have the same phenotype (“tall”). ...
Appendix 4 to the guideline on the evaluation of - EMA
Appendix 4 to the guideline on the evaluation of - EMA

... has been introduced. The aim is to delay or avoid the need for, e.g. surgery using techniques and/or medicinal compounds that offer low risk of side effects. As a first step, anti-tumour activity has to be proven. This may be achieved in trials using subjects planned for radical surgery where one lo ...
TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

... Avoidance of gastrointestinal absorption difficulties caused by pH, enzyme and drug interaction with food, etc. ...
13 Genetics - One Cue Systems
13 Genetics - One Cue Systems

... N=total number of events p is the probability of event P q=probability of the alternative event x is the number of times event P occurs ! means factorial. The total number of events (N) is 4 children. The number of times (x) that event P (male child) occurs is 2. The probabilities p and q are both 0 ...
Movement Disorders Induced by Gastrointestinal Drugs: Two
Movement Disorders Induced by Gastrointestinal Drugs: Two

... believed to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and is thus considered to have fewer neurological adverse effects than metoclopramide. The cases mentioned in Table 1, as well as our case, show that adverse extrapyramidal drug reactions can occur with cisapride. Awareness of this side effect remains r ...
Nexium News: the “Purple Pill” Goes Over-The
Nexium News: the “Purple Pill” Goes Over-The

... PPIs should be considered first by physicians for most patients. Directions for Nexium 24HR advise to swallow one capsule whole every morning for 14 days to treat heartburn that occurs more than 2 days per week, but PPIs may take up to 4 days to work. Self-treatment of heartburn should not exceed 2 ...
Linezolid: an effective, safe and cheap drug for patients failing multidrug-resistant
Linezolid: an effective, safe and cheap drug for patients failing multidrug-resistant

... The regimens were constructed with a goal of prescribing at least five anti-tuberculosis agents that were likely to be ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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