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WHO Drug Information - World Health Organization
WHO Drug Information - World Health Organization

... biologicals. Therefore, a generic medicines (“biogeneric”) regulatory approach is not appropriate and should not be used. For copy products already licensed as “biogenerics”, Member States are encouraged to develop/update risk management strategies. Member States are encouraged to implement WHO Guid ...
JB-D - Pharmaceutical Press
JB-D - Pharmaceutical Press

... injections and any other type of bolus dose. For inhalation experiments using sprays, it is not only the dose but also the concentration that is of importance, and the same applies for drugs administered on the skin. If a small amount of a drug is given at an extremely high concentration, the drug m ...
Motivating Clients for Treatment and Addressing Resistance
Motivating Clients for Treatment and Addressing Resistance

...  Key components of opiate addiction and its medical / psychiatric consequences  Benefits and limitations of methadone as a pharmacotherapy for opiate dependence  Benefits and limitations of buprenorphine as a pharmacotherapy for opiate dependence  Benefits and limitations of narcotic antagonists ...
Psychosocial Treatment
Psychosocial Treatment

... different class (e.g., amphetamine after methylphenidate or methylphenidate after ...
AROMASIN® (exemestane tablets) Doctor Discussion Guide
AROMASIN® (exemestane tablets) Doctor Discussion Guide

... Do not take AROMASIN if you are allergic to AROMASIN or to anything in it. The active ingredient is exemestane. Do not take AROMASIN if you are pregnant or if you might become pregnant as it may cause birth defects or miscarriage. If you become pregnant while taking AROMASIN, talk to your doctor imm ...
Clinical Medicine: Therapeutics Management of Transfusional
Clinical Medicine: Therapeutics Management of Transfusional

... infections and elevated serum creatinine and transaminase levels. Mild, non-progressive increases in serum creatinine was observed in approximately one-third of patients in the pivotal clinical trials of Deferasirox. Creatinine levels returned spontaneously to baseline in more than two-thirds of pat ...
Association Between Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase
Association Between Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase

... vasodilatation, and thus related to the risk of premature atherosclerosis. Our study, however, does not support a major effect of the eNOS genotypes, including 894G→T in exon 7 and 4a/b in intron 4, on flow-mediated vasodilatation. Another study in Germany 41 which enrolled subjects with mild hypert ...
Evaluation of drug release from Abraxane and Doxil in tumor tissue.
Evaluation of drug release from Abraxane and Doxil in tumor tissue.

... process, cells divide and form new cells when the body does not need them, and existing cells do not undergo apoptosis when they should. These mutated cells may in turn form a large mass of tissue, called a tumor. There are more than 100 different types of cancer, and they are typically named for th ...
In vitro, in vivo and ex vivo models for studying particle deposition
In vitro, in vivo and ex vivo models for studying particle deposition

... body that are composed of 300–500 million alveoli and a surface area of 100 m2. The main functions of the lungs are to transport oxygen from the environment into the blood and move carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere. In addition to being the conduit for supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dio ...
sm P502500 EpiQuinMicro 2009_FINAL2
sm P502500 EpiQuinMicro 2009_FINAL2

... A), which is shown to penetrate better than retinyl esters1, in the second microparticulate phase. Using a standard model of topical drug release, the MICROSPONGE® delivery system has been shown to extend the release of hydroquinone 2 . The multi-phasic formulation allows for the hydroquinone to be ...
Drugs Used in Heart Failure
Drugs Used in Heart Failure

... determinant, although the amount of sodium that enters with each action potential is much less than 1% of the total intracellular sodium. Na+,K+ ATPase appears to be the primary target of digoxin and other cardiac glycosides. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure Heart failure is a syndrome with many cau ...
Options for patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Options for patients with irritable bowel syndrome

... Symptoms experienced by persons with IBS significantly impact quality-of-life.9 Studies using general or disease-specific quality-of-life instruments have consistently shown that the health status of those with IBS is poorer than that of the general population.10–12 Quality-of-life scores of IBS pat ...
An Uncontrolled Clinical Trial for Treatment of
An Uncontrolled Clinical Trial for Treatment of

... antiestrogen, and clomiphene citrate, a nonsteroidal ovulatory stimulant, compete with estrogen for estrogen receptor binding sites, thus eliminating excess estrogen circulation at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary and allowing gonadotropin production to resume normally. The normal operati ...
Amphetamine and Related Drugs
Amphetamine and Related Drugs

... relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III. • The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. • Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other s ...


... efforts, particularly in view of the void created by the recent withdrawal of Vioxx@ and Bextra@,and the genericization of Ultram@,Ultrace?, OxyContin@ and Duragesic*. Tramadol ER carries all the documented adverse effects and abusepotential of immediate release (I.R.) tramadol, combined with new sa ...
274   Antibacterials
274 Antibacterials

... Children. Due to the possible difficulty of evaluating changes in visual acuity that may be induced in children receiving ethambutol, the BNFC advises that it should be used with caution in children under 5 years of age and unable to report visual changes accurately, whereas in the USA licensed prod ...
A Systematic Review on Advanced Drug Delivery Technologies to
A Systematic Review on Advanced Drug Delivery Technologies to

... Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 43(1), March - April 2017; Article No. 03, Pages: 7-11 ...
Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar
Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar

... drugs, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors). Patients should be cautioned, particularly if nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is present, that lithium toxicity might occur with dehydration from environmental heat, gastrointestinal disturbance, or inadequate fluid intake. Laboratory measures and other diagnosti ...
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk for gastrointestinal
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk for gastrointestinal

... (vitamin K antagonists, antithrombotics), diuretics, and angiotensin receptor blockers. Authors concluded that around 40% of adverse drug reactions were related to drug interactions, especially in eldery13. However, existing studies about interaction of SSRIs and NSAIDs did not explore the risk of u ...
Cystinosis: An overview for patients and families
Cystinosis: An overview for patients and families

... Cystine is an amino acid which is a building block of protein and is essential to life. Protein is broken down inside the lysosomes into several amino acids (including Cystine). In a patient without cystinosis cystine is allowed to leave the lysosome to be used again by the body. In patients living ...
Phebra Benztropine 2 mg in 2 mL Injection
Phebra Benztropine 2 mg in 2 mL Injection

... Tardive dyskinesia may appear in some patients on long-term therapy with phenothiazines and related agents, or may occur after therapy when these drugs have been discontinued. Antiparkinsonian agents usually do not alleviate their symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, and in some instances may aggravate o ...
Suggestion from clinicians
Suggestion from clinicians

... “Two included studies evaluated metoclopramide as a treatment for vomiting associated with gastroenteritis in 96 hospitalized children. One study found metoclopramide to be more effective than placebo at reducing symptoms of nausea and vomiting. No adverse events were reported. The second study foun ...
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in veterinary - GEAC-UFV
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in veterinary - GEAC-UFV

... perivascular injections [14,30,33,35–37]. Hepatotoxicity has been reported dogs receiving carprofen at clinical doses; although analysis of the data supported an idiosyncratic cytotoxic hepatocellular drug reaction, the authors advocate evaluation of renal and hepatic function before the administrat ...
Biodegradable PLGA-b-PEG polymeric nanoparticles: synthesis
Biodegradable PLGA-b-PEG polymeric nanoparticles: synthesis

... polymers have been studied for nanomedicine applications and in particular as drug delivery systems. For this purpose, polymers must be non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is one of the most studied polymers due to its complete biodegradability and ability ...
Genetic testing for asthma REVIEW
Genetic testing for asthma REVIEW

... ABSTRACT: Asthma is a genetically complex disease caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors. An increasing number of asthma susceptibility genes are currently being identified. The present study addresses the question as to whether this genetic information can be used to predict asthma, p ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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