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IMPORTANT DRUG WARNING
IMPORTANT DRUG WARNING

... Addiction is a primary, chronic, neurobiologic disease, with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. Drug addiction is characterized by behaviors that include one or more of the following: impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, use fo ...
9-13-04 Factors Affecting Action of Drugs
9-13-04 Factors Affecting Action of Drugs

... metabolized by same P450 system will result in inhibition of conversion of each of the drugs – Can result in increased potency, duration of action of drug – May often result in adverse effects ...
The Future of Hypertension Management: Pharmacogenetics
The Future of Hypertension Management: Pharmacogenetics

... • Reaction traced to deficiency of glucose 6phosphate dehydrogenase ...
November Newsletter
November Newsletter

... to be resuscitated once the heart stopped, and death, in a group of patients given Sibutramine compared with another given placebo. There was a small difference in weight loss between the placebo group and the group that received Sibutramine. Recommendations: Physicians are advised to stop prescribi ...
Allele Frequencyнаmeasure of how common a certain allele is in a
Allele Frequencyнаmeasure of how common a certain allele is in a

... Genetic variation is stored in a populations gene pool. ­Gene pool­ the combined alleles of all the  individuals in a population. ­Different combinations are formed when  individuals mate and have offspring. ...
how hiv drugs get approved
how hiv drugs get approved

... People who participate in Phase I trials face the highest risks compared to possible benefits. Phase II trials can enroll several hundred people and take 1 to 2 years. They study how well the drug works against HIV disease. They also collect more information about side effects. These trials are usua ...
Case Answers
Case Answers

... prolonged use. This patient also has renal impairment, as evidenced by his BUN/SCr. The active metabolites of midazolam have sedative properties and can accumulate significantly in renal impairment and lead to a prolonged sedative effect (even up to days). ...
Clinical Guidelines for Narcotics(WORD)
Clinical Guidelines for Narcotics(WORD)

Drug Metabolism
Drug Metabolism

... o May reveal a functional group that can serve as a site for additional metabolism Phase II: conjugation of a small, endogenous substrate molecule with functional groups already present on drug or added/revealed by phase I metabolism Important Point: either one of the above phases may occur first ...
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion

... Drug molecules are processed by enzymes evolved to cope with natural compounds Drug may have actions increased or decreased or changed Individual variation genetically determined May be several routes of metabolism May not be what terminates drug action May take place anywhere BUT liver is prime sit ...
Multicompartment Models
Multicompartment Models

... Multicompartment Models Prof. Dr. Henny Lucida, Apt ...
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)

... -Drafted in 1938 ...
Drug Interactions Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
Drug Interactions Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)

... • Inter-patient variability in response to a drug is the rule rather than the exception • Drug levels can vary more than 1000 fold between two individuals with the same weight and the same dose. • Phenotypic variation accounts for 20-40% of the ...
Concept Sheet
Concept Sheet

... Concept Sheet Evolution of Populations (16) ...
10.1016_j.jyp_.2013.08.004
10.1016_j.jyp_.2013.08.004

... Repeated enquiry to the family members revealed that for the last 1-year, the patient used to experience occasional euphoria, hallucinations, fatigue, short-term memory loss with some short lasting episodes of altered behaviors including decreased anxiety, mannerisms and agitation. She had no sexual ...
final_prescribing-medications-in-the-older-adult_3.31.2017_crist-sm-1
final_prescribing-medications-in-the-older-adult_3.31.2017_crist-sm-1

... mmHg and patient is tolerating well without ADRs or effect of quality of life, treatment does not need to be adjusted  If 18-69 years old with CKD, goal = <140/90 mmHg  Initial or add-on treatment should include an ACEI or ARB to improve kidney outcomes  No recommendations for patient aged ≥75 ye ...
Study guide for Unit I - People Server at UNCW
Study guide for Unit I - People Server at UNCW

... 4. What are the major routes of drug administration? Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each? 5. How are drugs absorbed? Define bioavailability. 6. How are drugs distributed to sites of action? What factors influence this? 7. How are drugs eliminated from the body? Define half-life. How lo ...
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02-Lecture_2 doc2008-10-31 07:3483 KB

... 1. Plasma proteins binding. 2. Tissue binding. Binding is interaction between drugs and charged groups(NH3,COOH) ...
Toxicology
Toxicology

... The parent drug is often the cause of toxic effects However, toxic effects may result from metabolites: For example: paracetamol 4th most common cause of death following self-poisoining in UK in 1989 ...
Safe Prescribing of Drugs with Potential for Misuse/Diversion
Safe Prescribing of Drugs with Potential for Misuse/Diversion

... 2. Base long-term treatment with medications with known risks, including opioids, sedatives and stimulants, upon a clinical diagnosis and objective evidence. Continuing to prescribe medication solely on the basis that they have been previously prescribed is not acceptable. 3. Document discussion wit ...
Our Genes, Our Drugs and our Future
Our Genes, Our Drugs and our Future

...  Recently pharmacogenetics has evolved into ...
Misdiagnosis of heart failure for Amlodipine adverse reaction
Misdiagnosis of heart failure for Amlodipine adverse reaction

... Citation style for this article: Besa C. Misdiagnosis of heart failure for Amlodipine adverse reaction. Health Press Zambia Bull. 2017;1(2);[inclusive page numbers]. ...
Peripheral Neuropathy and New Treatment Options
Peripheral Neuropathy and New Treatment Options

... Managing peripheral neuropathy in private practice can be one of the most frustrating clinical experiences for Primary Care Physicians, Chiropractors and Neurologists alike. Until now, most treatments have focused only on symptom control, largely by way of drugs, and blood sugar control in diabetic ...
DONNATAL® TABLETS
DONNATAL® TABLETS

... capacity. Donnatal® should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed. NURSING MOTHERS It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Donnatal® is administered to a nursing woman. ADVERSE REACTIONS ...
Whole genome sequence analysis of Mycobacteria tuberculosis
Whole genome sequence analysis of Mycobacteria tuberculosis

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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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