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POPULATION GENETICS Learning Objectives • Define Population
POPULATION GENETICS Learning Objectives • Define Population

... Mutation: Recurrent mutation will maintain alleles in the population, even if there is strong selection against them. Migration genetically links two or more populations together. Distributions ...
doc Behavioural_Neuroscience_Jan_16
doc Behavioural_Neuroscience_Jan_16

... 8. Inhalation - by smoking 9. Topical administration - through the skin 10. Intracerebral administration - directly into the brain ...
Prescription Drug Abuse
Prescription Drug Abuse

... Sedatives - 0.4 million. ...
NOACs vs. warfarin - Anticoagulation Centers of Excellence
NOACs vs. warfarin - Anticoagulation Centers of Excellence

... Disadvantages of NOACs Higher out-of-pocket costs and copays No clear advantage over wellcontrolled warfarin BID dosing may have negative impact on compliance Missed doses place a patient at higher risk for adverse event due to short half-life No specific antidote Higher incidence of G.I. side effec ...
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... two trimesters of pregnancy but are rated as pregnancy category D for use during the third trimester.  ...
Bronchitis and Pneumonia Drugs
Bronchitis and Pneumonia Drugs

... heart failure, asthma, bronchitis, or other chronic lung diseases. It should be used with caution in animals with severe heart disease, abnormal heart rhythms, kidney or liver impairment, or high blood pressure. Theophylline has been shown to cause stomach irritation and nervous system stimulation. ...
Biotech Daily Neuren: ‘NNZ-2566 Phase II Safety, Efficacy For Rett Syndrome’
Biotech Daily Neuren: ‘NNZ-2566 Phase II Safety, Efficacy For Rett Syndrome’

... individually, as well as the mean clinical responses for each treatment group. Neuren said that evidence of clinical benefit in the group-level analysis required improvement in at least two core outcome measures from two different efficacy domains, with no clinically significant worsening in all oth ...
food-drug interactions
food-drug interactions

... X-chromosome-linked Can lead to neonatal jaundice, hemolytic anemia or acute hemolysis Most common in African, Middle Eastern, and Southeast Asians Also called favism Fava beans or pollen, Vitamin K or Vitamin C can cause hemolysis ...
Drugs on the brain
Drugs on the brain

... What is Pharmacology? Pharmacology is the study of the interaction between chemical substances (drugs) and living systems •The word “pharmacology” is derived from two Greek words: –pharmakon: a mystical potion or drug –logos: a rational discussion ...
Drug Interactions - St. James`s Hospital
Drug Interactions - St. James`s Hospital

... rate and/or the extent of absorption e.g formation of a complex between quinolone antibiotics and antacids or between tetracycline and sodium bicarbonate antacids.1,2,6 Delayed absorption is rarely of clinical significance unless high peak plasma concentrations are required e.g. in analgesia.9 Most ...
Reading Material
Reading Material

... SEX DIFFERENCES AND DEPRESSION • Female gender is a major risk of depression by 2:1 ratio • Prevalence of major depression in women (21.3%) versus men (12.7%) ...
Understanding Genetics:
Understanding Genetics:

... these items can cause emotional distress that could be avoided by not being sequenced. Some examples include: • Detection of variants of unknown significance (VUS). These are genetic changes that are identified in your genetic code, but the medical significance is not known. • Identification of risk ...
five minutes to make a difference
five minutes to make a difference

... Caused after the amount of opiate is significantly decreased or abruptly discontinued after regular use The body has adapted the presence of the drug and cannot re-adapt quickly enough to its absence ...
Overview - science of addiction
Overview - science of addiction

...  Neuroscientists have identified a common brain pathway that seems to be critically involved in addiction to most substances of abuse. ...
Toxicology Screenings
Toxicology Screenings

... FEEDBACK AND ALLOWS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. ...
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

Understanding Drugs and Medicines
Understanding Drugs and Medicines

... – Decide whether you want a generic or brand-name medicine. They often have the same active ingredients but different inactive ingredients. – Read the labels. ...
Number Needed to Treat: an Important Measure for the Correct
Number Needed to Treat: an Important Measure for the Correct

... clinically applied drugs, the concept of “Number Needed to Harm” (NNH) has been developed, which is defined as the average number of people who would need to be treated over a specific period of time before one bad outcome of the treatment would occur. NNH is a concept showing how many members of a ...
Consumer/Patient Information Sheet
Consumer/Patient Information Sheet

... Consumers and patients who know they are hypersensitive (allergic) to one of the ingredients in the Sinupret products should exercise caution before using Sinupret. Due to lack of clinical data, Sinupret Plus/Sinupret Adult Strength and Sinupret Forte Sugar Coated tablets should not be used by child ...
Population genetics
Population genetics

... genetic variation probably because of a population bottleneck humans inflicted on them in the 1890s. Hunting reduced their population size to as few as 20 individuals at the end of the 19th century. Their population has since rebounded to over 30,000—but their genes still carry the marks of this bot ...
6GuN8Qo9Dfp1QZDN8ubBtuHr_F8SNcwjgzjV3UndOuNh4gNcd
6GuN8Qo9Dfp1QZDN8ubBtuHr_F8SNcwjgzjV3UndOuNh4gNcd

... 1 - production is regulated primarily by the liver 2 - levels are decreased by low-sodium diets 3 - is produced by the adrenal cortex 59. Proteinuria: 1 - is an indicator of renal disease 2 - may be an indicator of pre-eclampsia 3 - 24-h urine specimen collection could be recommended if proteinuria ...
New drug listing treats rare life
New drug listing treats rare life

... New drug listing treats rare life-threatening lung cancer The Abbott Government will invest $60 million listing a new drug to treat a rare life-threatening form of lung cancer that would otherwise cost patients over $80,000 per treatment without taxpayer subsidies. Minister for Health Sussan Ley tod ...
Word file - SLT by Ellex
Word file - SLT by Ellex

... [City, Date]  On (add date) the [CLINIC NAME] announced the introduction of SLT, an innovative, non-invasive laser treatment for glaucoma. This quick and simple procedure may be an option for most patients, but is especially suited for patients who cannot tolerate or are unable to self-administer g ...
Low Back Pain Ch Summary HP 1013
Low Back Pain Ch Summary HP 1013

... Acetaminophen may ↑ anticoagulant effect of warfarin (ie. > 1.3g/day acetaminophen for > 1 week). Acetaminophen + alcohol, may ↑ risk of hepatotoxicity (>3 drinks/day). NSAIDs may ↑ risk of bleeding with anticoagulants (eg. warfarin) or antiplatelet drugs (eg. clopidogrel), may ↑ risk of GI bleed wh ...
< 1 ... 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 ... 1254 >

Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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