EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY SOME USEFUL DEFINITIONS
... individuals of a given age will differ predictably from the individuals which do not survive to that age 2. There will also be a between-generation effect; the offspring generation will differ predictably from their parental generation ...
... individuals of a given age will differ predictably from the individuals which do not survive to that age 2. There will also be a between-generation effect; the offspring generation will differ predictably from their parental generation ...
Speciation
... • Habitat use = each organism thrives in certain habitats, but not in others (non-random patterns) • Habitat selection = the process by which organisms actively select habitats in which to live - availability and quality of habitat are crucial to an organism’s well-being - human development conflict ...
... • Habitat use = each organism thrives in certain habitats, but not in others (non-random patterns) • Habitat selection = the process by which organisms actively select habitats in which to live - availability and quality of habitat are crucial to an organism’s well-being - human development conflict ...
A case study in ecological succession
... Ecological succession is a fundamental principle in ecology. It is the change in species and habitat structure that an ecosystem undergoes over time. Plant succession depends on management. For example, with no management—fire, mowing or grazing—on the Reservation since 1948, the formerly open grass ...
... Ecological succession is a fundamental principle in ecology. It is the change in species and habitat structure that an ecosystem undergoes over time. Plant succession depends on management. For example, with no management—fire, mowing or grazing—on the Reservation since 1948, the formerly open grass ...
Slide 1
... biodiversity. If this happens, an ecosystem’s resistance and/or resilience may decline. The end result is that the ecosystem loses stability. • Ecosystems that are less stable may not be able to respond to a normal environmental disturbance, which may damage ecosystem structure, ecosystem function, ...
... biodiversity. If this happens, an ecosystem’s resistance and/or resilience may decline. The end result is that the ecosystem loses stability. • Ecosystems that are less stable may not be able to respond to a normal environmental disturbance, which may damage ecosystem structure, ecosystem function, ...
Biology B Ecology
... Ecology, focuses on concepts related to the ecological levels of organization in the biosphere and the interactions and relationships in an ecosystem. Students investigate and use data to build explanations of ecological interdependencies and cause-and-effect relationships within the biosphere and a ...
... Ecology, focuses on concepts related to the ecological levels of organization in the biosphere and the interactions and relationships in an ecosystem. Students investigate and use data to build explanations of ecological interdependencies and cause-and-effect relationships within the biosphere and a ...
Reprint - Queen`s University Department of Mathematics and Statistics.
... similar species come into geographic contact. This would reduce the degree of competition and thereby promote the coexistence of a diversity of organisms. This phenomenon was called “character displacement”because it should result in phenotypic characters related to resource use in similar species b ...
... similar species come into geographic contact. This would reduce the degree of competition and thereby promote the coexistence of a diversity of organisms. This phenomenon was called “character displacement”because it should result in phenotypic characters related to resource use in similar species b ...
SHALOM: a landscape simulation model for understanding animal
... and interact at different tempospatial scales. For example, interspecific competition may have a strong influence on species coexistence and, therefore, diversity, at a local scale may be insignificant for determining species diversity compared with a regional scale, where colonization–extinction dynami ...
... and interact at different tempospatial scales. For example, interspecific competition may have a strong influence on species coexistence and, therefore, diversity, at a local scale may be insignificant for determining species diversity compared with a regional scale, where colonization–extinction dynami ...
ecozine - South Kitsap School District
... the plants they gathered and to domesticate some of the animals in their environment. Agriculture is the practice of growing, breeding, and caring for plants and animals that are used for food, clothing, housing, transportation, and other purposes. The practice of agriculture started in many differe ...
... the plants they gathered and to domesticate some of the animals in their environment. Agriculture is the practice of growing, breeding, and caring for plants and animals that are used for food, clothing, housing, transportation, and other purposes. The practice of agriculture started in many differe ...
overview - Santa Fe Institute
... literature. They encompass natural and managed ecosystems from the tundra to the tropics, including terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems. Regime shifts can be both endogenous and externally induced. Here we are interested in those shifts where management, ususally aimed at maximising profit or ...
... literature. They encompass natural and managed ecosystems from the tundra to the tropics, including terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems. Regime shifts can be both endogenous and externally induced. Here we are interested in those shifts where management, ususally aimed at maximising profit or ...
Phytoplankton niches, traits and eco
... resource competition framework (Tilman 1982) to other processes that affect an organism’s fitness. This approach is well suited for phytoplankton, as the resource competition theory itself was first developed for phytoplankton (Tilman 1982, Tilman et al. 1982). Furthermore, a trait-based approach ba ...
... resource competition framework (Tilman 1982) to other processes that affect an organism’s fitness. This approach is well suited for phytoplankton, as the resource competition theory itself was first developed for phytoplankton (Tilman 1982, Tilman et al. 1982). Furthermore, a trait-based approach ba ...
Disentangling the effects of water and nutrients for studying the
... of the nurse species H. stoechas were randomly selected in each of the 28 plots. Half of them were clipped to ground level. All above-ground biomass present within a radius of 20 cm around each removed nurse individual was eliminated from the plots, and we trenched all roots around the edge of the b ...
... of the nurse species H. stoechas were randomly selected in each of the 28 plots. Half of them were clipped to ground level. All above-ground biomass present within a radius of 20 cm around each removed nurse individual was eliminated from the plots, and we trenched all roots around the edge of the b ...
Natural Selection in the Microbial World
... duration of the periods during which they are exposed to light and darkness bears a definite relationship. The inability of such plants to flower and fruit under different circumstances tends to restrict their natural distribution to regions where the requisite conditions are met. Even though the ph ...
... duration of the periods during which they are exposed to light and darkness bears a definite relationship. The inability of such plants to flower and fruit under different circumstances tends to restrict their natural distribution to regions where the requisite conditions are met. Even though the ph ...
Large Species Shifts Triggered by Small Forces
... that had not yet reached a point attractor or if the system had become cyclic, the number of alternative attractors was counted by visual inspection of the runs. The results show that from a given species pool several alternative communities can usually be assembled (fig. 2). These alternative commu ...
... that had not yet reached a point attractor or if the system had become cyclic, the number of alternative attractors was counted by visual inspection of the runs. The results show that from a given species pool several alternative communities can usually be assembled (fig. 2). These alternative commu ...
Generalities in grazing and browsing ecology du Toit, Johan T
... the context of community ecology, a contingency is a constraint on a generality and is caused by the observed pattern or process being applicable only within a subset of potential conditions. Controlling such contingencies can require large-scale replication using global research networks to standar ...
... the context of community ecology, a contingency is a constraint on a generality and is caused by the observed pattern or process being applicable only within a subset of potential conditions. Controlling such contingencies can require large-scale replication using global research networks to standar ...
bottom-up regulation of plant community structure in an aridland
... lag to produce a measure of the relative rate of community change over time. For each time series, the slope of the linear regression of the square root of the time lag vs. ED was used as our measure of rate of community change (Collins et al. 2000). One-way ANOVA was used to determine if community ...
... lag to produce a measure of the relative rate of community change over time. For each time series, the slope of the linear regression of the square root of the time lag vs. ED was used as our measure of rate of community change (Collins et al. 2000). One-way ANOVA was used to determine if community ...
Chapter 37 PowerPoint
... 2. Explain how interspecific interactions affect the dynamics of populations 3. Describe the trophic structure of a community 4. Explain how species diversity is measured 5. Describe the role of environmental disturbance on ...
... 2. Explain how interspecific interactions affect the dynamics of populations 3. Describe the trophic structure of a community 4. Explain how species diversity is measured 5. Describe the role of environmental disturbance on ...
Weighting and indirect effects identify keystone species in food webs
... that the full range of indirect effects is not covered and foodweb robustness is often overestimated (Curtsdotter et al. 2011). We chose the dynamical approach here and we simulated natural communities using parameter values derived from empirical data, which should provide more realistic outcomes t ...
... that the full range of indirect effects is not covered and foodweb robustness is often overestimated (Curtsdotter et al. 2011). We chose the dynamical approach here and we simulated natural communities using parameter values derived from empirical data, which should provide more realistic outcomes t ...
Adapt or disperse: understanding species persistence
... paid to differences among interacting species. ...
... paid to differences among interacting species. ...
Integrating Different Organizational Levels in Benthic Biodiversity
... consumers (protists) either of varying numbers of randomly assembled species (1, 2 or 3 species) from a species pool (Naeem & Li, 1997), or of aquatic microbial communities representing a biodiversity gradient as it might occur in nature after species loss across all trophic levels (31 species in th ...
... consumers (protists) either of varying numbers of randomly assembled species (1, 2 or 3 species) from a species pool (Naeem & Li, 1997), or of aquatic microbial communities representing a biodiversity gradient as it might occur in nature after species loss across all trophic levels (31 species in th ...
WP Env Aim Sheet
... Aim 2: What factors determine the size of a population? Chapter 1 - Sect 2 School Text Pages - 23-28 ...
... Aim 2: What factors determine the size of a population? Chapter 1 - Sect 2 School Text Pages - 23-28 ...
Adapt or disperse: understanding species persistence in a changing
... Lewis, 2006), and (ii) the concept of ‘environmental niche-based models’ (otherwise known as ‘Bio-envelope models’) that are often used to project future geographic range of species from the current distribution of a species mapped in climate–space (Davis et al., 1998; Pearson & Dawson, 2003; Hijman ...
... Lewis, 2006), and (ii) the concept of ‘environmental niche-based models’ (otherwise known as ‘Bio-envelope models’) that are often used to project future geographic range of species from the current distribution of a species mapped in climate–space (Davis et al., 1998; Pearson & Dawson, 2003; Hijman ...
chapter42_Ecosystems(1
... • Human activities can disrupt nutrient cycles that have been operating since long before humans existed • Phosphorus is often a limiting factor for aquatic producers, and sudden addition of phosphorus (eutrophication) causes algal blooms that cloud water and threaten aquatic species • eutrophicatio ...
... • Human activities can disrupt nutrient cycles that have been operating since long before humans existed • Phosphorus is often a limiting factor for aquatic producers, and sudden addition of phosphorus (eutrophication) causes algal blooms that cloud water and threaten aquatic species • eutrophicatio ...
The landscape context of trophic interactions: insect spillover across
... are classical and important concepts in spatial ecology, but reduce landscapes to habitat patches within a matrix of nonhabitat (cf. van Nouhuys 2005, Hanski & Meyke 2005). Terrestrial habitats, however, are not as sharply isolated as marine islands by the sea, because the composition of the landsca ...
... are classical and important concepts in spatial ecology, but reduce landscapes to habitat patches within a matrix of nonhabitat (cf. van Nouhuys 2005, Hanski & Meyke 2005). Terrestrial habitats, however, are not as sharply isolated as marine islands by the sea, because the composition of the landsca ...
Unit 10-Evolution - Manhasset Public Schools
... which happen to have variations that help them to survive in their environments survive and have more offspring. The offspring are born with their parents' helpful traits, and as they reproduce, individuals with that trait make up more of the population. Other individuals, that are not so well ...
... which happen to have variations that help them to survive in their environments survive and have more offspring. The offspring are born with their parents' helpful traits, and as they reproduce, individuals with that trait make up more of the population. Other individuals, that are not so well ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.