evolution
... It removes the largest and strongest males—the very males that would sire large numbers of healthy offspring. Coltman et al. (2003) found that over a 30-year period, when about 10% of the males were removed by hunting each year, the average size of males and the average size of their horns ...
... It removes the largest and strongest males—the very males that would sire large numbers of healthy offspring. Coltman et al. (2003) found that over a 30-year period, when about 10% of the males were removed by hunting each year, the average size of males and the average size of their horns ...
Forest restoration, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning R E V I E W
... biodiversity affects ecosystem properties and functions some have called it a paradigm shift in ecology [56] can be explained by the fact that it offers a comprehensive framework to evaluate the consequences of biodiversity loss caused by human activities, and at the same time provides a powerful in ...
... biodiversity affects ecosystem properties and functions some have called it a paradigm shift in ecology [56] can be explained by the fact that it offers a comprehensive framework to evaluate the consequences of biodiversity loss caused by human activities, and at the same time provides a powerful in ...
McPeek, M. A. 1996. Tradeoffs, food web structure
... whereas between communities this segregation also limits the distribution of species to communities in which suitable niches are available. In this article I argue that understanding why many species differ in the breadth of their habitat distributions requires us to understand how the structure of ...
... whereas between communities this segregation also limits the distribution of species to communities in which suitable niches are available. In this article I argue that understanding why many species differ in the breadth of their habitat distributions requires us to understand how the structure of ...
Multiple prey traits, multiple predators: keys to understanding
... structure are both ecological and evolutionary in nature (Losos, 1990, 1996; Winemiller, 1991; McPeek, 1996; Miller and Travis, 1996; Webb, 2000). Although it is still unclear at this point to what degree deterministic as opposed to stochastic processes contribute to community patterns (e.g. Gotelli ...
... structure are both ecological and evolutionary in nature (Losos, 1990, 1996; Winemiller, 1991; McPeek, 1996; Miller and Travis, 1996; Webb, 2000). Although it is still unclear at this point to what degree deterministic as opposed to stochastic processes contribute to community patterns (e.g. Gotelli ...
Life History - practical ecology
... CONCEPT 7.2 Reproductive patterns can be classified along several continua. CONCEPT 7.3 There are trade-offs between life history traits. ...
... CONCEPT 7.2 Reproductive patterns can be classified along several continua. CONCEPT 7.3 There are trade-offs between life history traits. ...
Species tolerance
... • Animals interact with biotic and abiotic factors in ways which shape their survival and distributions • Biomes are delineated by abiotic factors, but biotic factors play a role too. • Biomes are described by plant communities which are ‘controlled’ by temperature and precipitation • Oceans are dif ...
... • Animals interact with biotic and abiotic factors in ways which shape their survival and distributions • Biomes are delineated by abiotic factors, but biotic factors play a role too. • Biomes are described by plant communities which are ‘controlled’ by temperature and precipitation • Oceans are dif ...
Scaling environmental change through the community
... 2001). Here, we focus on critical needs in this latter domain. Some processes scale more easily than others. Changes in the environment can affect ecosystem processes directly through effects on abiotic controls and indirectly through effects on the physiology, morphology, and behavior of individual ...
... 2001). Here, we focus on critical needs in this latter domain. Some processes scale more easily than others. Changes in the environment can affect ecosystem processes directly through effects on abiotic controls and indirectly through effects on the physiology, morphology, and behavior of individual ...
Challenges in Environmental Ethics
... Fishermen in Atlantic coastal estuaries and bays toss beer bottles overboard, a convenient way to dispose of trash. On the bottom, small crabs, attracted by the residual beer, make their way inside the bottles and become trapped, unable to get enough foothold on the slick glass neck to work their wa ...
... Fishermen in Atlantic coastal estuaries and bays toss beer bottles overboard, a convenient way to dispose of trash. On the bottom, small crabs, attracted by the residual beer, make their way inside the bottles and become trapped, unable to get enough foothold on the slick glass neck to work their wa ...
Eco-evolutionary feedbacks in community and ecosystem ecology
... Interactions between natural selection and environmental change are well recognized and sit at the core of ecology and evolutionary biology. Reciprocal interactions between ecology and evolution, eco-evolutionary feedbacks, are less well studied, even though they may be critical for understanding th ...
... Interactions between natural selection and environmental change are well recognized and sit at the core of ecology and evolutionary biology. Reciprocal interactions between ecology and evolution, eco-evolutionary feedbacks, are less well studied, even though they may be critical for understanding th ...
courses for entry on excel spreadheet
... eutrophication, acidification, and fisheries. Students also write a term paper on a topic of their choice that applies ecological principles to an environmental problem with biological content, and work in writing circles to support each other’s’ efforts. An examination of the theoretical and experi ...
... eutrophication, acidification, and fisheries. Students also write a term paper on a topic of their choice that applies ecological principles to an environmental problem with biological content, and work in writing circles to support each other’s’ efforts. An examination of the theoretical and experi ...
91: 3656-3663
... Abstract. Facilitation and competition are ecological interactions that are crucial for the organization of plant communities. Facilitative interactions tend to occur among distantly related species, while the strength of competition tends to decrease with phylogenetic distance. The balance between ...
... Abstract. Facilitation and competition are ecological interactions that are crucial for the organization of plant communities. Facilitative interactions tend to occur among distantly related species, while the strength of competition tends to decrease with phylogenetic distance. The balance between ...
Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems
... Tubeworms (figure 2225) are one of the best examples of symbiosis and resemble a large worm growing at 3mm per day, reaching a maximal size of 2-3 meters. Living inside a tube structure attached to the chimney or vent base, it has bright red gills full of specialised haemoglobin that stick out of th ...
... Tubeworms (figure 2225) are one of the best examples of symbiosis and resemble a large worm growing at 3mm per day, reaching a maximal size of 2-3 meters. Living inside a tube structure attached to the chimney or vent base, it has bright red gills full of specialised haemoglobin that stick out of th ...
CCG: Formulate and express scientific questions or hypotheses to
... Applies to the following Standards Describe how adaptations help a species survive. Describe changes to the environment that have caused SC.05.LS.06.01 the population of some species to change. Identify conditions that might cause a species to SC.05.LS.06.02 become endangered or extinct. Identify an ...
... Applies to the following Standards Describe how adaptations help a species survive. Describe changes to the environment that have caused SC.05.LS.06.01 the population of some species to change. Identify conditions that might cause a species to SC.05.LS.06.02 become endangered or extinct. Identify an ...
Ecology
... How does population growth affect the environment? • Higher population = more demand on resources • Resources are limited • Limiting factors will control the size of the population • Population will eventually reach carrying capacity • Researchers work to address these limits • Increase energy effi ...
... How does population growth affect the environment? • Higher population = more demand on resources • Resources are limited • Limiting factors will control the size of the population • Population will eventually reach carrying capacity • Researchers work to address these limits • Increase energy effi ...
THE ROLE OF ABOVE-AND BELOWGROUND LINKAGES IN
... of changes in plant diversity on above- and belowground organisms and vice versa. In the second part, we present how these separate links may interact in communities and review what is known about these interactions. We conclude that a combined abovebelowground dynamic food-web approach is essential ...
... of changes in plant diversity on above- and belowground organisms and vice versa. In the second part, we present how these separate links may interact in communities and review what is known about these interactions. We conclude that a combined abovebelowground dynamic food-web approach is essential ...
Assessing the health of European rivers using
... Benthivore should be limited to molluscs and macroinvertebrates. Detrital feeders often include a range of smaller organisms in their diet. Ideally, in a classification based on the composition of the diet, when identifying species with narrow trophic niches from generalist species with wide niches, ...
... Benthivore should be limited to molluscs and macroinvertebrates. Detrital feeders often include a range of smaller organisms in their diet. Ideally, in a classification based on the composition of the diet, when identifying species with narrow trophic niches from generalist species with wide niches, ...
Biotic and abiotic components - Pearson Schools and FE Colleges
... Pyramids of biomass A pyramid of biomass quantifies the amount of biomass present at each trophic level at a certain point in time, and represents the standing stock of each trophic level measured in units such as grams of biomass per metre squared (g m–2). Biomass may also be measured in units of e ...
... Pyramids of biomass A pyramid of biomass quantifies the amount of biomass present at each trophic level at a certain point in time, and represents the standing stock of each trophic level measured in units such as grams of biomass per metre squared (g m–2). Biomass may also be measured in units of e ...
Environmental Systems and Societies Chapter 2
... Pyramids of biomass A pyramid of biomass quantifies the amount of biomass present at each trophic level at a certain point in time, and represents the standing stock of each trophic level measured in units such as grams of biomass per metre squared (g m–2). Biomass may also be measured in units of e ...
... Pyramids of biomass A pyramid of biomass quantifies the amount of biomass present at each trophic level at a certain point in time, and represents the standing stock of each trophic level measured in units such as grams of biomass per metre squared (g m–2). Biomass may also be measured in units of e ...
A framework for community and ecosystem
... in which the phenotype of one organism is part of the environment of another 36. This hypothesis is supported by studies of multi-level selection33–35,48,49 in which the fitness consequences of IGEs among individuals of the same species are important in group and social evolution50. An analogous mec ...
... in which the phenotype of one organism is part of the environment of another 36. This hypothesis is supported by studies of multi-level selection33–35,48,49 in which the fitness consequences of IGEs among individuals of the same species are important in group and social evolution50. An analogous mec ...
biodiversity loss and ecosystem functioning
... have been calls for experiments specifically investigating the loss of species by their removal from a natural system, preferably in situ (Biles et al. 2003, Diaz et al. 2003). Field experiments based on the removal of species are more representative of the natural world and also allow for tests of ...
... have been calls for experiments specifically investigating the loss of species by their removal from a natural system, preferably in situ (Biles et al. 2003, Diaz et al. 2003). Field experiments based on the removal of species are more representative of the natural world and also allow for tests of ...
The Concept of Organisms as Ecosystem Engineers Ten Years On
... the changes they cause to the abiotic environment (OdlingSmee et al. 2003). Niche construction theory draws on ecosystem engineering concepts (Odling-Smee et al. 2003), although it has origins independent of and has developed in parallel with the concept of ecosystem engineering. One of the more con ...
... the changes they cause to the abiotic environment (OdlingSmee et al. 2003). Niche construction theory draws on ecosystem engineering concepts (Odling-Smee et al. 2003), although it has origins independent of and has developed in parallel with the concept of ecosystem engineering. One of the more con ...
The Concept of Organisms as Ecosystem Engineers Ten Years On
... the changes they cause to the abiotic environment (OdlingSmee et al. 2003). Niche construction theory draws on ecosystem engineering concepts (Odling-Smee et al. 2003), although it has origins independent of and has developed in parallel with the concept of ecosystem engineering. One of the more con ...
... the changes they cause to the abiotic environment (OdlingSmee et al. 2003). Niche construction theory draws on ecosystem engineering concepts (Odling-Smee et al. 2003), although it has origins independent of and has developed in parallel with the concept of ecosystem engineering. One of the more con ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.