The Concept of Organisms as Ecosystem Engineers Ten Years On
... the changes they cause to the abiotic environment (OdlingSmee et al. 2003). Niche construction theory draws on ecosystem engineering concepts (Odling-Smee et al. 2003), although it has origins independent of and has developed in parallel with the concept of ecosystem engineering. One of the more con ...
... the changes they cause to the abiotic environment (OdlingSmee et al. 2003). Niche construction theory draws on ecosystem engineering concepts (Odling-Smee et al. 2003), although it has origins independent of and has developed in parallel with the concept of ecosystem engineering. One of the more con ...
From Energy Gradient and Natural Selection to Biodiversity and
... model based only on well-established biophysical principles, not preconceived to test any particular theory but to establish a set of basal properties which other theories can use as their "null hypotheses" to test against. As we will demonstrate below that these "basal properties" happen to support ...
... model based only on well-established biophysical principles, not preconceived to test any particular theory but to establish a set of basal properties which other theories can use as their "null hypotheses" to test against. As we will demonstrate below that these "basal properties" happen to support ...
The emergence and promise of functional biogeography
... or behavioral features measured on organisms that can ultimately be linked to their performance (40). In trait-based ecology, it has been shown that it is possible to aggregate functional traits measured on organisms to explain the functioning of populations, communities, ecosystems, and beyond. For ...
... or behavioral features measured on organisms that can ultimately be linked to their performance (40). In trait-based ecology, it has been shown that it is possible to aggregate functional traits measured on organisms to explain the functioning of populations, communities, ecosystems, and beyond. For ...
MS-SCI-ES-Unit 4 -- Chapter 10- Ecosystems
... Figure 4 shows the levels of organization in an ecosystem. The smallest level of organization is a single organism, which belongs to a population that includes other members of its species. The population belongs to a community of different species. The community and abiotic factors together form an ...
... Figure 4 shows the levels of organization in an ecosystem. The smallest level of organization is a single organism, which belongs to a population that includes other members of its species. The population belongs to a community of different species. The community and abiotic factors together form an ...
Ch55Test_File - Milan Area Schools
... 4. The organisms that live together in a particular area constitute an _______. Answer: ecological community 5. A set of linkages through which a plant is eaten by an herbivore, which in turn is eaten by a carnivore, and so on, is called a _______. Answer: food chain 6. Organisms that reduce the rem ...
... 4. The organisms that live together in a particular area constitute an _______. Answer: ecological community 5. A set of linkages through which a plant is eaten by an herbivore, which in turn is eaten by a carnivore, and so on, is called a _______. Answer: food chain 6. Organisms that reduce the rem ...
Integrated Ecological- Economic Models
... Bioeconomic modeling dates back at least to the Faustman forest rotation model and, outside forestry, to the fisheries work of Gordon (1954) and Scott (1955), the theoretical and empirical examination of waterfowl by Hammack & Brown (1974), and Clark’s (1976) influential mathematical bioeconomics bo ...
... Bioeconomic modeling dates back at least to the Faustman forest rotation model and, outside forestry, to the fisheries work of Gordon (1954) and Scott (1955), the theoretical and empirical examination of waterfowl by Hammack & Brown (1974), and Clark’s (1976) influential mathematical bioeconomics bo ...
Latitudinally structured variation in the temperature dependence of damselfly growth rates
... throughout its latitudinal range, allowing us to characterise variation in E along a latitudinal gradient spanning 3600 km. We show that E differs among populations and increases with latitude. E was right-skewness across species, but this was largely an artefact of the latitudinal trend. Increased ...
... throughout its latitudinal range, allowing us to characterise variation in E along a latitudinal gradient spanning 3600 km. We show that E differs among populations and increases with latitude. E was right-skewness across species, but this was largely an artefact of the latitudinal trend. Increased ...
Red in tooth and claw: how top predators shape terrestrial ecosystems
... they provide a link to classical ecological theory based on energy flows through distinct trophic levels. They also show that this classical approach is not useful in cases where species have strong antagonistic interactions that do not consist simply of eating and being eaten. Viewing this system si ...
... they provide a link to classical ecological theory based on energy flows through distinct trophic levels. They also show that this classical approach is not useful in cases where species have strong antagonistic interactions that do not consist simply of eating and being eaten. Viewing this system si ...
CHAPTER 22-Descent with Modification A Darwinian View The
... 8. Explain what Darwin meant by “descent with modification.” 9. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time. 10. Explain how Linnaeus’ classification scheme fit Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. 11. Describe the three inferences Darwin made from his observat ...
... 8. Explain what Darwin meant by “descent with modification.” 9. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time. 10. Explain how Linnaeus’ classification scheme fit Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. 11. Describe the three inferences Darwin made from his observat ...
Grand Challenges: Behavior as a Key Component of
... environment, and also, via choice of environment, a way whereby organisms can influence the environmental factors that affect the development and expression of all their traits. Behavior thus plays a key role in shaping the development and expression of integrated responses to the environment. Hence ...
... environment, and also, via choice of environment, a way whereby organisms can influence the environmental factors that affect the development and expression of all their traits. Behavior thus plays a key role in shaping the development and expression of integrated responses to the environment. Hence ...
Effects of River Impoundment on Ecosystem Services
... Cascading effects of river impoundment resulted in a mismatch between embodied energy and market value: energetic costs of fisheries production increased, whereas market value decreased. This was partially attributable to changes in species functional composition but also strongly linked to species ...
... Cascading effects of river impoundment resulted in a mismatch between embodied energy and market value: energetic costs of fisheries production increased, whereas market value decreased. This was partially attributable to changes in species functional composition but also strongly linked to species ...
Presentation: Rewilding
... But while a trophic cascade was expected, the real surprise was how landform systems were affected. The wolves, even though they were few in number, radically changed the behaviour of the deer. The deer migrated away from the parts of the park where they could be trapped most easily, like the floodp ...
... But while a trophic cascade was expected, the real surprise was how landform systems were affected. The wolves, even though they were few in number, radically changed the behaviour of the deer. The deer migrated away from the parts of the park where they could be trapped most easily, like the floodp ...
Resource-driven terrestrial interaction webs
... Food web structure changes dramatically over the geographic range of species. For example, one parasitoid species, Hoplismenus morulus, is distributed over most of the USA (Price 1981). In the northwest, one host herbivore is available which feeds on 10 plant species in six families, all in mesic wo ...
... Food web structure changes dramatically over the geographic range of species. For example, one parasitoid species, Hoplismenus morulus, is distributed over most of the USA (Price 1981). In the northwest, one host herbivore is available which feeds on 10 plant species in six families, all in mesic wo ...
soil biota, soil systems, and processes
... abundant, particularly hi undisturbed forest floors in which literally thousands of kilometers of hyphal filaments will occur per gram of leaf litter. Fungi are still little-described, with possibly less than 5% of them known to Science (69,000 described; perhaps 1,500,000 in existence (Table I)). T ...
... abundant, particularly hi undisturbed forest floors in which literally thousands of kilometers of hyphal filaments will occur per gram of leaf litter. Fungi are still little-described, with possibly less than 5% of them known to Science (69,000 described; perhaps 1,500,000 in existence (Table I)). T ...
article - American Scientist
... microorganisms, and by the local physical, chemical and structural environments in which those communities reside. Fishing alters marine ecosystems both by modifying community composition and by altering local environments, as when trawls drag across the ocean floor. Because ecosystem components int ...
... microorganisms, and by the local physical, chemical and structural environments in which those communities reside. Fishing alters marine ecosystems both by modifying community composition and by altering local environments, as when trawls drag across the ocean floor. Because ecosystem components int ...
HB Final__Review
... Explain why species in widely separated biomes may have similar features. Describe the types of characteristics used to define terrestrial biomes. Then use these characteristics to define the major terrestrial biomes: tropical forests, savannas, deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate fo ...
... Explain why species in widely separated biomes may have similar features. Describe the types of characteristics used to define terrestrial biomes. Then use these characteristics to define the major terrestrial biomes: tropical forests, savannas, deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate fo ...
Page 1 662 Trophic ecology The study of the structure of feeding
... consistent with field tests in small aquatic systems, the empirical mechanisms behind decreased stability of longer food chains at larger spatial scales are not as clearly developed as the logic of the productivity hypothesis. Moreover, experiments in rivers suggest that disturbance in some cases ma ...
... consistent with field tests in small aquatic systems, the empirical mechanisms behind decreased stability of longer food chains at larger spatial scales are not as clearly developed as the logic of the productivity hypothesis. Moreover, experiments in rivers suggest that disturbance in some cases ma ...
Compensation masks trophic cascades in complex food
... the feeding relationships between interacting species within an ecosystem. Understanding how the complexity of these networks influences their response to changing top-down control is a central challenge in ecology. Here, we provide a model-based investigation of trophic cascades — an oft-studied ec ...
... the feeding relationships between interacting species within an ecosystem. Understanding how the complexity of these networks influences their response to changing top-down control is a central challenge in ecology. Here, we provide a model-based investigation of trophic cascades — an oft-studied ec ...
and Belowground Biodiversity in Terrestrial Ecosystems
... contributing to the exchange of trace gases are driven by complex interactions between soil moisture and temperature, soil aeration, and the availability of reactive substrates. However, differences in the effects of C3 and C4 plants on gas fluxes at a clay site were not apparent, while several diff ...
... contributing to the exchange of trace gases are driven by complex interactions between soil moisture and temperature, soil aeration, and the availability of reactive substrates. However, differences in the effects of C3 and C4 plants on gas fluxes at a clay site were not apparent, while several diff ...
753
... climate and weather actually had strong predictive power, but only when both direct effects (on sheep) and indirect effects (on their food supply) were accounted for (Hallett et al., 2004). This example raises the specter of why we cannot always simply take large-scale measurements of environmental ...
... climate and weather actually had strong predictive power, but only when both direct effects (on sheep) and indirect effects (on their food supply) were accounted for (Hallett et al., 2004). This example raises the specter of why we cannot always simply take large-scale measurements of environmental ...
i1905e01
... factors will be removed from the population. Conversely, individuals with favourable traits will survive and show a higher rate of reproduction (see also chapter 3). This, of course, can be extended up to the species level, where such selection mechanisms determine the range of species in an ecosyst ...
... factors will be removed from the population. Conversely, individuals with favourable traits will survive and show a higher rate of reproduction (see also chapter 3). This, of course, can be extended up to the species level, where such selection mechanisms determine the range of species in an ecosyst ...
Stability and Fragility in Arctic Ecosystems
... stress. I agree also with Benninghof, however,that an oscillating system, whatever the causes of its existence may be, is in a sense “pre-adapted”, to use another doubtful term, to changing and changeable environmental conditions; and that this is a strength rather than a weakness of arctic ecosyste ...
... stress. I agree also with Benninghof, however,that an oscillating system, whatever the causes of its existence may be, is in a sense “pre-adapted”, to use another doubtful term, to changing and changeable environmental conditions; and that this is a strength rather than a weakness of arctic ecosyste ...
Robustness of metacommunities with omnivory to habitat destruction
... novel patch-dynamic model that tracks the patch occupancy of various trophic links instead of individual species, providing a useful framework to study more complex trophic networks undergoing habitat loss. However, it is spatially implicit and thus ignores spatial processes related to patch arrange ...
... novel patch-dynamic model that tracks the patch occupancy of various trophic links instead of individual species, providing a useful framework to study more complex trophic networks undergoing habitat loss. However, it is spatially implicit and thus ignores spatial processes related to patch arrange ...
living world - Matrix Education
... Given that abiotic features are the non-living factors of an ecosystem (‘a’ meaning ‘non’ and ‘bio’ meaning ‘living’); when scientists look at the biotic factors of an ecosystem, they are studying the living aspects of an environment. ...
... Given that abiotic features are the non-living factors of an ecosystem (‘a’ meaning ‘non’ and ‘bio’ meaning ‘living’); when scientists look at the biotic factors of an ecosystem, they are studying the living aspects of an environment. ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.