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Final Study Guide Washington Township High School Chapters 8 – Chapter 10, Evolution and Ecology Honors Biology Chapter 8: The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance Vocabulary Words: anaphase anchorage dependence asexual reproduction autosome benign tumor binary fission carcinoma cell cycle cell cycle control system cell division cell plate centromere centrosome chiasma (plural, chiasmata) chromatin chromosome cleavage cleavage furrow crossing over cytokinesis deletion density-dependent inhibition diploid cell Down syndrome duplication fertilization gamete genetic recombination genome growth factor haploid cell homologous chromosomes interphase inversion karyotype leukemia life cycle locus (plural, loci) lymphoma malignant tumor meiosis metastasis mitotic phase (M phase) mitotic spindle mitosis nondisjunction prometaphase prophase sarcoma sex chromosome sexual reproduction sister chromatid somatic cell telophase tetrad translocation trisomy 21 tumor zygote Connections Between Cell Division and Reproduction Compare the parent-offspring relationship in asexual and sexual reproduction Explain why cell division is essential for eukaryotic and prokaryotic life. The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis Compare the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes. Describe the stages of the cell cycle. Identify when DNA is replicated, chromosomes are sorted, and two new cells are formed. List the phases of mitosis and describe the events characteristic of each phase. Recognize the phases of mitosis from diagrams and micrographs. Compare cytokinesis in animal and plant cells. Explain how anchorage, cell density, and growth factors control cell division. Explain how cancerous cells are different from healthy cells. Distinguish between benign and malignant tumors and explain the strategies behind some common cancer treatments. Describe the functions of mitosis. Meiosis and Crossing Over Explain how chromosomes are paired. Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. Distinguish between somatic cells and gametes and between diploid cells and haploid cells. Final Study Guide Honors Biology Washington Township High School Chapters 8 – Chapter 10, Evolution and Ecology List the phases of meiosis I and meiosis II and describe the events characteristic of each phase. Recognize the phases of meiosis from diagrams and micrographs. Describe the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis. Explain how the result of meiosis differs from the result of mitosis. Explain how independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I, random fertilization, and crossing over during prophase I of meiosis contribute to genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms. Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure Explain how and why karyotyping is performed. Describe the causes and symptoms of Down syndrome. Define nondisjunction, explain how it can occur, and describe what can result. Describe the consequences of abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes. Final Study Guide Washington Township High School Chapters 8 – Chapter 10, Evolution and Ecology Honors Biology Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance Vocabulary Words: ABO blood groups achondroplasia allele amniocentesis carrier character chorionic villus sampling (CVS) chromosome theory of inheritance codominant complete dominance cross cross-fertilization cystic fibrosis dihybrid cross dominant allele Duchenne muscular dystrophy F1 generation F2 generation genotype hemophilia heterozygous homozygous Huntington’s disease hybrid inbreeding incomplete dominance law of independent assortment law of segregation linked genes monohybrid cross P generation pedigree phenotype pleiotropy polygenic inheritance Punnett square recessive allele recombination frequency red-green color blindness rule of addition rule of multiplication self-fertilize sex chromosome sex-linked gene testcross trait true-breeding ultrasound imaging Mendel’s Laws Explain why Mendel’s decision to work with peas was a good choice. Define and distinguish between true-breeding organisms, hybrids, the P generation, the F1 generation, and the F2 generation. Define and distinguish between the following pairs of terms: genotype and phenotype; dominant allele and recessive allele; heterozygous and homozygous. Define a monohybrid cross and a Punnett square. Explain how Mendel’s law of segregation describes the inheritance of a single characteristic. Describe the genetic relationship between homologous chromosomes. Explain how Mendel’s law of independent assortment applies to a dihybrid cross. Explain how a testcross is performed to determine the genotype of an organism. Explain how family pedigrees can help determine the inheritance of many human traits. Explain how recessive and dominant disorders are inherited. Provide examples of each. Final Study Guide Honors Biology Washington Township High School Chapters 8 – Chapter 10, Evolution and Ecology Variations on Medel’s Laws Describe the inheritance patterns of incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, codominance, pleiotropy, and polygenic inheritance. Provide an example of each. Explain how the sickle-cell allele can be adaptive. Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes Explain how sex is genetically determined in humans. Explain why sex-linked disorders are expressed much more frequently in men than in women. Explain how the Y chromosome can be used to trace human ancestry. Final Study Guide Washington Township High School Chapters 8 – Chapter 10, Evolution and Ecology Honors Biology Chapter 10: Moclecular Biology of the Gene Vocabulary Words: adenine (A) AIDS anticodon bacteriophage capsid codon conjugation cytosine (C) DNA ligase DNA polymerase double helix emerging virus exon F factor genetic code guanine (G) HIV intron lysogenic cycle lytic cycle messenger RNA (mRNA) molecular biology mRNA mutagen mutagenesis mutation nucleotide P site phage plasmid polynucleotide prion promoter prophage R plasmid reading frame retrovirus reverse transcriptase ribosomal RNA (rRNA) RNA polymerase RNA splicing rRNA semiconservative model start codon stop codon sugar-phosphate backbone terminator thymine (T) transcription transduction transfer RNA (tRNA) transformation translation triplet code tRNA uracil (U) viroid virus The Structure of the Genetic Material Describe the experiments of Griffith, Hershey, and Chase, which supported the idea that DNA was life’s genetic material. Compare the structures of DNA and RNA. Explain how Chargaff’s rules relate to the structure of DNA. Final Study Guide Honors Biology Washington Township High School Chapters 8 – Chapter 10, Evolution and Ecology DNA Replication Explain how the structure of DNA facilitates its replication. Describe the process of DNA replication. Describe the mechanisms that correct errors caused by environmental damage or errors from replication. The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein Describe the locations, reactants, and products of transcription and translation. Explain how the “languages” of DNA and RNA are used to produce polypeptides. Explain how RNA is produced. Explain how eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus. Relate the structure of tRNA to its functions in the process of translation. Describe the structure and function of ribosomes. Explain how translation begins. Describe the step-by-step process by which amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide chain. Diagram the overall process of transcription and translation. Describe the major types of mutations, causes of mutations, and possible consequences. Final Study Guide Washington Township High School Chapters 8 – Chapter 10, Evolution and Ecology Honors Biology Evolution: How Populations Evolve Vocabulary Words: adaptation artificial selection biogeography evolution evolutionary tree extinction fossil record fossils frequency-dependent selection gene flow gene pool genetic drift Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium heterozygote advantage homologous structures homology microevolution molecular biology mutation natural selection neutral variation paleontologist population vestigial organ Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Briefly summarize the history of evolutionary thought. Explain how Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle influenced his thinking. Describe the ideas and events that led to Darwin’s 1859 publication of The Origin of Species. Explain how the work of Thomas Malthus and the process of artificial selection influenced Darwin’s development of the idea of natural selection. Describe Darwin’s observations and inferences in developing the concept of natural selection. Explain why individuals cannot evolve and why evolution does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Describe two examples of natural selection known to occur in nature. Note three key points about how natural selection works. Explain how the fossil record provides some of the strongest evidence of evolution. Explain how biogeography, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and molecular biology support evolution. The Evolution of Populations Define the gene pool, a population, and microevolution. Explain how mutation and sexual recombination produce genetic variation. Explain why prokaryotes can evolve more quickly than eukaryotes. Describe the five conditions required for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Explain the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to natural populations and to public health science. Final Study Guide Washington Township High School Chapters 8 – Chapter 10, Evolution and Ecology Honors Biology Ecology: An Introduction to Earth’s Diverse Environments Vocabulary Words: abiotic factor aphotic zone benthic realm biogeochemical cycle biome biosphere biotic factor chaparral community consumer coniferous forest continental shelf decomposer decomposition desert desertification detritivore detritus disturbance ecological niche ecological succession ecosystem energy flow food chain food web herbivory interspecific interactions interspecific competition invasive species keystone species mutualism nitrogen fixation predation primary consumer primary production primary succession producer quaternary consumer secondary consumer secondary succession species diversity tertiary The Biosphere Define and distinguish between the different levels within ecosystems. Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem. Describe the abiotic factors that influence life in the biosphere. Community Structure and Dynamics Define a biological community Define interspecific competition, mutualism, predation, herbivory, and parasitism, and provide examples of each. Define an ecological niche. Explain how interspecific competition can occur when the niches of two populations overlap. Describe the mutualistic relationship between corals and dinoflagellates. Define predation. Describe the protective strategies potential prey employ to avoid predators. Explain why many plants have chemicals, spines, or thorns. Define coevolution and describe an example. Explain how parasites and pathogens can affect community composition. Identify and compare the trophic levels of terrestrial and aquatic food chains. Explain how food chains interconnect to form food webs. Define a keystone species. Give an example. Explain how invasive species can affect communities. Final Study Guide Honors Biology Washington Township High School Chapters 8 – Chapter 10, Evolution and Ecology Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics Compare the movement of energy and chemicals through ecosystems. Compare the primary production of tropical rain forests, coral reefs, and open ocean. Describe the movement of energy through a food chain. Explain why there are more producers than consumers and why eating meat counts as a great luxury. Aquatic Biomes Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the different ocean zones and adjacent aquatic biomes. Describe the different types of freshwater biomes. Terrestrial Biomes Explain why species in widely separated biomes may have similar features. Describe the types of characteristics used to define terrestrial biomes. Then use these characteristics to define the major terrestrial biomes: tropical forests, savannas, deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, coniferous forests, and tundra. Explain how all parts of the biosphere are linked by the global water cycle.
