Charles Darwin
... Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant 0.24 resistant Generation 4: 0.12 not resistant 0.88 resistant ...
... Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant 0.24 resistant Generation 4: 0.12 not resistant 0.88 resistant ...
body size and trophic position in a diverse tropical food web
... producers). And since primary consumers range from among the smallest to largest individuals in the community, all predators are able to exploit prey at energetically optimal sizes. Our analyses provide an example of how complex food webs may obscure patterns apparent in simple food chains. In linea ...
... producers). And since primary consumers range from among the smallest to largest individuals in the community, all predators are able to exploit prey at energetically optimal sizes. Our analyses provide an example of how complex food webs may obscure patterns apparent in simple food chains. In linea ...
The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A
... being such an undogmatic and ecumenical chap. We maintain that alternatives to selection for best overall design have generally been relegated to unimportance by this mode of argument. Have we not all heard the catechism about genetic drift: it can only be important in populations so small that they ...
... being such an undogmatic and ecumenical chap. We maintain that alternatives to selection for best overall design have generally been relegated to unimportance by this mode of argument. Have we not all heard the catechism about genetic drift: it can only be important in populations so small that they ...
hau_vivian_tbio_brief1
... There is often little geographic and taxonomic coverage in some older databases and they are not detailed enough. Some only recorded the absence or presence of certain species (Hudson et al.). Another problem is whether certain species are contributing, harming, or not having an impact on the envir ...
... There is often little geographic and taxonomic coverage in some older databases and they are not detailed enough. Some only recorded the absence or presence of certain species (Hudson et al.). Another problem is whether certain species are contributing, harming, or not having an impact on the envir ...
Research paper: Food webs in the ocean: Who eats whom and how
... Over 100 food webs have been published for marine ecosystems to describe the transfer of food energy from its source in plants, through herbivores, to carnivores and higher order predators. The webs suggest that the lengths of the chains that form food webs are typically short (3–4 links), and that ...
... Over 100 food webs have been published for marine ecosystems to describe the transfer of food energy from its source in plants, through herbivores, to carnivores and higher order predators. The webs suggest that the lengths of the chains that form food webs are typically short (3–4 links), and that ...
Mammal Community Structure in a World of Gradients
... fermenters, in nutrient poor areas. The results show that under high-nutrient conditions most boreal herbivores belong to the smaller of two mass classes, while there was no pattern under low-nutrient conditions. The smaller herbivores, as well as the foregut fermenters, also contributed to a larger ...
... fermenters, in nutrient poor areas. The results show that under high-nutrient conditions most boreal herbivores belong to the smaller of two mass classes, while there was no pattern under low-nutrient conditions. The smaller herbivores, as well as the foregut fermenters, also contributed to a larger ...
Phenotypic Plasticity
... This can be a directional change in the phenotype of partners, where exposure to certain cues activates genes in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 3). For example, in a mutualistic interaction, individuals may increase rewards in response to increased services from a partner, and this back-and-forth cha ...
... This can be a directional change in the phenotype of partners, where exposure to certain cues activates genes in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 3). For example, in a mutualistic interaction, individuals may increase rewards in response to increased services from a partner, and this back-and-forth cha ...
Phenotypic Plasticity in the Interactions and Evolution of Species
... This can be a directional change in the phenotype of partners, where exposure to certain cues activates genes in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 3). For example, in a mutualistic interaction, individuals may increase rewards in response to increased services from a partner, and this back-and-forth cha ...
... This can be a directional change in the phenotype of partners, where exposure to certain cues activates genes in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 3). For example, in a mutualistic interaction, individuals may increase rewards in response to increased services from a partner, and this back-and-forth cha ...
11.4 Natural Selection and Human Health
... 4. Survival and reproduction are not random Fitness: Relative survival and reproduction of one variant Adaptation: Traits that increase individual fitness in an environment Individuals with adaptations for a particular environment are more likely to survive and reproduce ...
... 4. Survival and reproduction are not random Fitness: Relative survival and reproduction of one variant Adaptation: Traits that increase individual fitness in an environment Individuals with adaptations for a particular environment are more likely to survive and reproduce ...
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
... Any abiotic factor or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms is called a limiting factor. Includes sunlight, climate, temperature, water, nutrients, fire, soil chemistry, and space, and other living things ...
... Any abiotic factor or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms is called a limiting factor. Includes sunlight, climate, temperature, water, nutrients, fire, soil chemistry, and space, and other living things ...
Positive interactions in ecology: filling the fundamental niche
... increasing the spatial distribution (reducing dispersal limitations), or by modifying the physical and chemical conditions of the habitats. However, whether the new range of conditions experienced by the recipient species is greater than that predicted by the fundamental niche is uncertain because, ...
... increasing the spatial distribution (reducing dispersal limitations), or by modifying the physical and chemical conditions of the habitats. However, whether the new range of conditions experienced by the recipient species is greater than that predicted by the fundamental niche is uncertain because, ...
Module 6 Ecological Principles - Members
... the severe climate, provide the environment within which the flora and fauna of the Arctic survive and thrive. It is also the environment in which people interact with the natural resources. It is the physical environment, plus the biota and people, that combine to generate the distinctive Arctic ha ...
... the severe climate, provide the environment within which the flora and fauna of the Arctic survive and thrive. It is also the environment in which people interact with the natural resources. It is the physical environment, plus the biota and people, that combine to generate the distinctive Arctic ha ...
Trait- and Density-Mediated Indirect Interactions Initiated by an
... 4.3 times stronger than TMIIs, were strong enough to also reduce Urophora’s fecundity and increase the fecundity of its host plant. Prior field studies support these results, suggesting that the differences between DMIIs and TMIIs are even stronger in nature. This study illustrates that autogenic ec ...
... 4.3 times stronger than TMIIs, were strong enough to also reduce Urophora’s fecundity and increase the fecundity of its host plant. Prior field studies support these results, suggesting that the differences between DMIIs and TMIIs are even stronger in nature. This study illustrates that autogenic ec ...
Positive interactions expand habitat use and the realized niches of
... Positive interactions are particularly problematic for niche theory (Bruno and Bertness 2001). Foundation species, for example, provide group benefits, ameliorate physical and biotic stresses, expand species distributions, and increase the size of fundamental and realized niches (Bruno et al. 2003). ...
... Positive interactions are particularly problematic for niche theory (Bruno and Bertness 2001). Foundation species, for example, provide group benefits, ameliorate physical and biotic stresses, expand species distributions, and increase the size of fundamental and realized niches (Bruno et al. 2003). ...
Population Dynamics of Soil and Vegetation Protozoa Newcomb
... leaves, such as those of Fagaceae and conifers, the testacea:ciliate ratio increases up to 10:1, and ciliates vary from 1,0002,000/g. In coniferous litters and bryophyte vegetation, the testacea:ciliate ratio exTHE LITTER-SOIL ECOSYSTEM ceeds 10:1, and ciliates number only a few In litters and soils ...
... leaves, such as those of Fagaceae and conifers, the testacea:ciliate ratio increases up to 10:1, and ciliates vary from 1,0002,000/g. In coniferous litters and bryophyte vegetation, the testacea:ciliate ratio exTHE LITTER-SOIL ECOSYSTEM ceeds 10:1, and ciliates number only a few In litters and soils ...
Ecosystem
... Summary of Previous Lecture: In the previous lecture, we have discussed several aspects of ecosystem, various components of ecosystem and their relevance in maintaining ecology. Now in the current lecture, we will discuss, the relationship between different organisms and their role in the ecosystem. ...
... Summary of Previous Lecture: In the previous lecture, we have discussed several aspects of ecosystem, various components of ecosystem and their relevance in maintaining ecology. Now in the current lecture, we will discuss, the relationship between different organisms and their role in the ecosystem. ...
Soundscape Ecology
... soundscape ecology on the same foundations as landscape used in the literature to describe a field of ecology. Acoustic ecology and draws from areas of coupled natural–human ecology, as introduced by Schafer (1977) and Truax (1999), systems (Liu et al. 2007), with natural and human systems is seen a ...
... soundscape ecology on the same foundations as landscape used in the literature to describe a field of ecology. Acoustic ecology and draws from areas of coupled natural–human ecology, as introduced by Schafer (1977) and Truax (1999), systems (Liu et al. 2007), with natural and human systems is seen a ...
An overview of studies on trophic ecology in the
... Classical approaches to trophic ecology of marine species has focused on trophic structure, trophodynamics, dominant and keystone species, ecosystem maturity, energy transfer, and anthropic effects. A recent breakthrough for evaluating the structure of communities has been the application of phyloge ...
... Classical approaches to trophic ecology of marine species has focused on trophic structure, trophodynamics, dominant and keystone species, ecosystem maturity, energy transfer, and anthropic effects. A recent breakthrough for evaluating the structure of communities has been the application of phyloge ...
Evolution: Much More than Genetics. The Need for a Holistic View
... considerable extent evolution certainly occurs in the neoDarwinian way. But this is not the entire story. In the evolution of life on Earth, there are larger, sudden changes, as, for instance, very fast extinction processes due to meteorite impacts, connections between previously isolated habitats a ...
... considerable extent evolution certainly occurs in the neoDarwinian way. But this is not the entire story. In the evolution of life on Earth, there are larger, sudden changes, as, for instance, very fast extinction processes due to meteorite impacts, connections between previously isolated habitats a ...
EDMUND RICE INTERNATIONAL (ERI) Biodiversity and Human Rig
... and then give examples of how they can be provided with heightened protection against this loss, mainly through a systemic attempt to influence education systems, both formal and informal. The concept of ‘biodiversity’ used here refers directly to the local ecosystem(s) in which the child is living ...
... and then give examples of how they can be provided with heightened protection against this loss, mainly through a systemic attempt to influence education systems, both formal and informal. The concept of ‘biodiversity’ used here refers directly to the local ecosystem(s) in which the child is living ...
Accelerating Trophic-level Dysfunction in Kelp Forest Ecosystems of
... conspicuous, or simply because they have the greatest food and commercial value. If fishing pressure reduces the population density of the apex predators to the point where they become rare or economically unprofitable, the fishery target will shift to lower trophic levels. Fishing of lower trophic ...
... conspicuous, or simply because they have the greatest food and commercial value. If fishing pressure reduces the population density of the apex predators to the point where they become rare or economically unprofitable, the fishery target will shift to lower trophic levels. Fishing of lower trophic ...
interspecies interaction - University of Minnesota Duluth
... each, and the rate of predation. Snow as a mechanical barrier affects the usefulness of cover. Deep snow covers the living area of many potential prey such as mice. Snow is a barrier to travel, although frequently it is a greater barrier to the larger pre dator than the smaller prey. Some prey are l ...
... each, and the rate of predation. Snow as a mechanical barrier affects the usefulness of cover. Deep snow covers the living area of many potential prey such as mice. Snow is a barrier to travel, although frequently it is a greater barrier to the larger pre dator than the smaller prey. Some prey are l ...
LIDAR REFERENCES Antonarakis A.L.S., Saatchi S.S., Chazdon
... Asner G.P. (2013) Geography of forest disturbance. PNAS, 110, 3711–3712. Asner G.P., Kellner J.R., Kennedy-bowdoin T., Knapp D.E., Anderson C., & Martin R.E. (2013a) Forest Canopy Gap Distributions in the Southern Peruvian Amazon. PLoS ONE, 8, e60875. Asner G.P., Mascaro J., Anderson C., Knapp D.E., ...
... Asner G.P. (2013) Geography of forest disturbance. PNAS, 110, 3711–3712. Asner G.P., Kellner J.R., Kennedy-bowdoin T., Knapp D.E., Anderson C., & Martin R.E. (2013a) Forest Canopy Gap Distributions in the Southern Peruvian Amazon. PLoS ONE, 8, e60875. Asner G.P., Mascaro J., Anderson C., Knapp D.E., ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.