Cell membranes
... Cytosol: the aqueous part of the cytoplasm outside of the organelle, contain its own distinctive protein. Lumen: a space between outside and inside of membrane or surrounding by membrane Biomembrane are bilayer structure. the area of internal membrane was tenfold of surface outside membrane; The int ...
... Cytosol: the aqueous part of the cytoplasm outside of the organelle, contain its own distinctive protein. Lumen: a space between outside and inside of membrane or surrounding by membrane Biomembrane are bilayer structure. the area of internal membrane was tenfold of surface outside membrane; The int ...
Handout
... • Actin-nucleating factors accelerate polymerization and generate branched or straight filaments. • Actin filament-binding proteins alter filament dynamics. • Severing proteins regulate actin filament depolymerization. • Higher-order actin filament arrays influence cellular mechanical properties ...
... • Actin-nucleating factors accelerate polymerization and generate branched or straight filaments. • Actin filament-binding proteins alter filament dynamics. • Severing proteins regulate actin filament depolymerization. • Higher-order actin filament arrays influence cellular mechanical properties ...
the Golgi Apparatus as the central station of the
... operates in the intracellular traffic. It is the association of three heavy and three light chains that form the so-called tryskelion units and are linked as polyhedrons like the net in basketball. They were first associated with receptor-mediated endocytosis but they have also been reported in the ...
... operates in the intracellular traffic. It is the association of three heavy and three light chains that form the so-called tryskelion units and are linked as polyhedrons like the net in basketball. They were first associated with receptor-mediated endocytosis but they have also been reported in the ...
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
... used P. syringae pv. phaseolicola 1302A (Pph1302A), a pathogen of kidney beans, as a nonhost pathogen of soybean. Although P. syringae pv. phaseolicola strains are the closest relatives of P. syringae pv. glycinea strains according to the coregenome phylogeny (Sarkar and Guttman 2004), none of the P ...
... used P. syringae pv. phaseolicola 1302A (Pph1302A), a pathogen of kidney beans, as a nonhost pathogen of soybean. Although P. syringae pv. phaseolicola strains are the closest relatives of P. syringae pv. glycinea strains according to the coregenome phylogeny (Sarkar and Guttman 2004), none of the P ...
Bacterial Signals and Antagonists: The Interaction Between Bacteria
... signalling systems, one of which produces and responds to the AHL, HBHL, while the second system responds to an as yet unidentified chemical cue. In addition, the response regulator, LuxN, that binds HBHL is not a homologue of the V. fischeri LuxR, but rather is the membrane bound component of a two ...
... signalling systems, one of which produces and responds to the AHL, HBHL, while the second system responds to an as yet unidentified chemical cue. In addition, the response regulator, LuxN, that binds HBHL is not a homologue of the V. fischeri LuxR, but rather is the membrane bound component of a two ...
POM-POM2/CELLULOSE SYNTHASE
... et al., 2007). To investigate whether the microtubule organization was disturbed in pom2, we crossed pom2-4 to the microtubule marker lines Microtubule-Associated Protein4 (MAP4):green fluorescent protein (GFP) or mCherry:Tubulin alpha-5 (TUA5) (Marc et al., 1998; Gutierrez et al., 2009). Rapidly el ...
... et al., 2007). To investigate whether the microtubule organization was disturbed in pom2, we crossed pom2-4 to the microtubule marker lines Microtubule-Associated Protein4 (MAP4):green fluorescent protein (GFP) or mCherry:Tubulin alpha-5 (TUA5) (Marc et al., 1998; Gutierrez et al., 2009). Rapidly el ...
First description of giant Archaea (Thaumarchaeota)
... 18S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications. The presence of a gene indicative for ammonia oxidation (AmoA) has been tested using rDNA PCR amplifications with universal primers, but all our results were negative. So, at this time, we have no evidence to state if the two giant Thaumarchae ...
... 18S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications. The presence of a gene indicative for ammonia oxidation (AmoA) has been tested using rDNA PCR amplifications with universal primers, but all our results were negative. So, at this time, we have no evidence to state if the two giant Thaumarchae ...
Plant microtubule organization
... spindles and flagellae. In these cases, microtubules emanate from centrosomes, microtubule-nucleating complexes that are focused around a microtubule-derived apparatus known as a centriole. Centrosomes can act interchangeably as spindle poles, anchors for the radial interphase array or basal bodies, ...
... spindles and flagellae. In these cases, microtubules emanate from centrosomes, microtubule-nucleating complexes that are focused around a microtubule-derived apparatus known as a centriole. Centrosomes can act interchangeably as spindle poles, anchors for the radial interphase array or basal bodies, ...
SNARE complexes of different composition jointly
... rum raised against SYP71, we observed accumulation of endogeVAMP721/722 (Figure 3). The results demonstrated interaction with nous SYP71 at the cell plate, where it colocalized with KNOLLE all three Q-SNAREs with VAMP721/722, suggesting that the two (Figure 2, D–F). Whether SYP71 interacts with othe ...
... rum raised against SYP71, we observed accumulation of endogeVAMP721/722 (Figure 3). The results demonstrated interaction with nous SYP71 at the cell plate, where it colocalized with KNOLLE all three Q-SNAREs with VAMP721/722, suggesting that the two (Figure 2, D–F). Whether SYP71 interacts with othe ...
5 | structure and function of plasma membranes
... glycolipids) (Figure 5.2). These carbohydrate chains may consist of 2–60 monosaccharide units and can be either straight or branched. Along with peripheral proteins, carbohydrates form specialized sites on the cell surface that allow cells to recognize each other. These sites have unique patterns th ...
... glycolipids) (Figure 5.2). These carbohydrate chains may consist of 2–60 monosaccharide units and can be either straight or branched. Along with peripheral proteins, carbohydrates form specialized sites on the cell surface that allow cells to recognize each other. These sites have unique patterns th ...
Diatoms
... major type of algae/plankton. Most are unicellular although they have been known to grow in colonies of different shapes and sizes like spirals. Most diatoms are motile. ...
... major type of algae/plankton. Most are unicellular although they have been known to grow in colonies of different shapes and sizes like spirals. Most diatoms are motile. ...
The YidC/Oxa1/Alb3 protein family Saller, Manfred J.
... to deviate from the general consensus. For example, the core of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (Slr1471) is predicted to contain a large periplasmatic domain between core TMS2 and TMS3 that is conserved within cyanobacteria and is essential for activity. This region possibly assists in substrate protein ...
... to deviate from the general consensus. For example, the core of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (Slr1471) is predicted to contain a large periplasmatic domain between core TMS2 and TMS3 that is conserved within cyanobacteria and is essential for activity. This region possibly assists in substrate protein ...
The role of lipids in the biogenesis of integral membrane
... and enzymatic function is tightly linked to that of the membrane itself and to the lipid composition of the respective membrane. Here, we review evidence that illustrates how lipids can affect the biogenesis and function of integral membrane proteins. The given examples highlight the dynamic interpl ...
... and enzymatic function is tightly linked to that of the membrane itself and to the lipid composition of the respective membrane. Here, we review evidence that illustrates how lipids can affect the biogenesis and function of integral membrane proteins. The given examples highlight the dynamic interpl ...
Bridging the divide between cytokinesis and cell
... and Sebastian Y Bednarek Two of the most fundamental processes in plant development are cytokinesis, by which new cells are formed, and cell expansion, by which existing cells grow and establish their functional morphology. In this review we summarize recent progress in understanding the pathways ne ...
... and Sebastian Y Bednarek Two of the most fundamental processes in plant development are cytokinesis, by which new cells are formed, and cell expansion, by which existing cells grow and establish their functional morphology. In this review we summarize recent progress in understanding the pathways ne ...
Membrane vesicle-mediated release of bacterial
... Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are constantly being discharged from the surface of Gram-negative bacteria during growth. OMVs typically range between 50–200 nm in diameter and contain outer membrane proteins, LPS, phospholipids, and some periplasmic constituents1. Studies of bacterial OMVs have reve ...
... Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are constantly being discharged from the surface of Gram-negative bacteria during growth. OMVs typically range between 50–200 nm in diameter and contain outer membrane proteins, LPS, phospholipids, and some periplasmic constituents1. Studies of bacterial OMVs have reve ...
Patterns of Collective Bacterial Motion in Microfluidic Devices
... fast spreading of colonies. However, the exact biological relevance of swarming is not entirely clear yet. It has been suggested for example that swarming (and the underlying physical and biological processes) may affect the resistance of the colony to environmental stresses.14 Active swimmers, like ...
... fast spreading of colonies. However, the exact biological relevance of swarming is not entirely clear yet. It has been suggested for example that swarming (and the underlying physical and biological processes) may affect the resistance of the colony to environmental stresses.14 Active swimmers, like ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum–Plasma Membrane - e-learning
... The ER encompasses approximately half of the total membrane area of an animal cell. It is organized into a maze of tubules and saccules extending throughout the cytoplasm and playing central roles in lipid and protein biosynthesis, as well as cell homeostasis. Membrane trafficking through the secret ...
... The ER encompasses approximately half of the total membrane area of an animal cell. It is organized into a maze of tubules and saccules extending throughout the cytoplasm and playing central roles in lipid and protein biosynthesis, as well as cell homeostasis. Membrane trafficking through the secret ...
Microtubule cortical array organization and plant cell morphogenesis
... order, with polymers lying roughly in parallel to each other and oriented transversely or obliquely relative to the cell axis [1]. By contrast, in highly lobed pavement cells, there is no global orientation of microtubules but rather local and periodic patches of parallel polymers that are correlate ...
... order, with polymers lying roughly in parallel to each other and oriented transversely or obliquely relative to the cell axis [1]. By contrast, in highly lobed pavement cells, there is no global orientation of microtubules but rather local and periodic patches of parallel polymers that are correlate ...
Dental Plaque: A Microbial Biofilm
... that are attached to each other and to a surface are called a ___________. • Once the bacteria attaches to a surface, it activates new genes that changes its characteristics that it had previously as a free‐floating organism • 99% of all bacteria on Earth live as attached bacteria ...
... that are attached to each other and to a surface are called a ___________. • Once the bacteria attaches to a surface, it activates new genes that changes its characteristics that it had previously as a free‐floating organism • 99% of all bacteria on Earth live as attached bacteria ...
Protists - Dillman Biology
... Among the first symptoms and signs of African sleeping sickness are headaches, irregular fevers, swollen tissues and joint pains. At a later stage the parasites invade the brain, which usually leads to mental disorders, coma and eventually death. ...
... Among the first symptoms and signs of African sleeping sickness are headaches, irregular fevers, swollen tissues and joint pains. At a later stage the parasites invade the brain, which usually leads to mental disorders, coma and eventually death. ...
The basement membrane anchors epithelium to the
... The primary function of the basement membrane is to anchor down the epithelium to its loose connective tissue underneath. This is achieved by cell-matrix adhesions through substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs). The basement membrane also acts as a mechanical barrier, preventing malignant cells from in ...
... The primary function of the basement membrane is to anchor down the epithelium to its loose connective tissue underneath. This is achieved by cell-matrix adhesions through substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs). The basement membrane also acts as a mechanical barrier, preventing malignant cells from in ...
Observing Bacteria Types
... After going over the answers, ask students, “how are prokaryotic cells different?” Option 2: Have students view a video such as “Simple Organisms: Bacteria”, “Ebola- The Way of All Flesh”, etc… Option 3: Ask students several questions about bacteria to gain an understanding of their knowledge: 1. Wh ...
... After going over the answers, ask students, “how are prokaryotic cells different?” Option 2: Have students view a video such as “Simple Organisms: Bacteria”, “Ebola- The Way of All Flesh”, etc… Option 3: Ask students several questions about bacteria to gain an understanding of their knowledge: 1. Wh ...
predation on prokaryotes in the water column and its ecological
... as iron and silicium) limit the growth of prokaryotic and eukaryotic autotrophs in many aquatic systems51. Aquatic bacteria are better competitors for phosphorus than eukaryotic algae at low ambient nutrient concentrations52. Therefore, bacteria can incorporate the nutrients that are required for th ...
... as iron and silicium) limit the growth of prokaryotic and eukaryotic autotrophs in many aquatic systems51. Aquatic bacteria are better competitors for phosphorus than eukaryotic algae at low ambient nutrient concentrations52. Therefore, bacteria can incorporate the nutrients that are required for th ...
Flagellum
A flagellum (/fləˈdʒɛləm/; plural: flagella) is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The word flagellum in Latin means whip. The primary role of the flagellum is locomotion but it also often has function as a sensory organelle, being sensitive to chemicals and temperatures outside the cell. Flagella are organelles defined by function rather than structure. There are large differences between different types of flagella; the prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ greatly in protein composition, structure, and mechanism of propulsion. However, both are used for swimming.An example of a flagellate bacterium is the ulcer-causing Helicobacter pylori, which uses multiple flagella to propel itself through the mucus lining to reach the stomach epithelium. An example of a eukaryotic flagellate cell is the mammalian sperm cell, which uses its flagellum to propel itself through the female reproductive tract. Eukaryotic flagella are structurally identical to eukaryotic cilia, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function and/or length.