Simulating the winter North Atlantic Oscillation: the roles of internal
... this out when analysing the HadCM2 simulations under enhanced greenhouse forcing: the simulated NAO index decreases during the simulation, but it is noted that this is due to a long-term trend pattern in atmospheric SLP that does not resemble the NAO pattern. Because of these disadvantages with the ...
... this out when analysing the HadCM2 simulations under enhanced greenhouse forcing: the simulated NAO index decreases during the simulation, but it is noted that this is due to a long-term trend pattern in atmospheric SLP that does not resemble the NAO pattern. Because of these disadvantages with the ...
Equations Inequalities
... inequalities (i.e. 2x + 3 > 5). One-variable, two-step equations should include exposure to all four operations (i.e. 2x + 3 = 5; 2x - 3 = 5; X/3 + 2 = 5; 1/3x + 2 = 5). Instruction should vary the position of the variable (i.e. 2x + 3 > 5; 3 + 2x > 5; 5 < 2x + 3). To model one-variable, two-step eq ...
... inequalities (i.e. 2x + 3 > 5). One-variable, two-step equations should include exposure to all four operations (i.e. 2x + 3 = 5; 2x - 3 = 5; X/3 + 2 = 5; 1/3x + 2 = 5). Instruction should vary the position of the variable (i.e. 2x + 3 > 5; 3 + 2x > 5; 5 < 2x + 3). To model one-variable, two-step eq ...
Nature Communications Review Integrating Pliocene Geological
... array of geological archives (Vaughan, 2007). These archives indicate that climate can respond rapidly to different forcings (such as CO2 concentration). Earth’s geological history provides the scientific community with natural laboratories in which to understand Earth system processes that operate ...
... array of geological archives (Vaughan, 2007). These archives indicate that climate can respond rapidly to different forcings (such as CO2 concentration). Earth’s geological history provides the scientific community with natural laboratories in which to understand Earth system processes that operate ...
energetics of climate models: net energy
... typically high emissivity), they have a crucial role in modulating the local and global net energy balance. On a planetary scale, large‐scale atmospheric and oceanic motions allow for the reduction of the temperature difference between high and low latitudes in both hemispheres with respect to what ...
... typically high emissivity), they have a crucial role in modulating the local and global net energy balance. On a planetary scale, large‐scale atmospheric and oceanic motions allow for the reduction of the temperature difference between high and low latitudes in both hemispheres with respect to what ...
Full-Text PDF
... accuracy of the vegetation datasets [22] and the characteristics of the climate models [20]. For example, Hua and Chen [23], in their global scale study, for the period of 1971 to 2000, found that LUC affects the diurnal temperature range in the mid-latitude regions of North America, South America a ...
... accuracy of the vegetation datasets [22] and the characteristics of the climate models [20]. For example, Hua and Chen [23], in their global scale study, for the period of 1971 to 2000, found that LUC affects the diurnal temperature range in the mid-latitude regions of North America, South America a ...
Assessing the Risk of a Collapse of the Atlantic Thermohaline
... billion watts (10 watts, a petawatt). As a result of this northward heat transport, at least in part, Europe is up to 8°C warmer than other longitudes at its latitude, with the largest effect in winter. It is this comparatively mild European climate, as well as the interrelated climates elsewhere, t ...
... billion watts (10 watts, a petawatt). As a result of this northward heat transport, at least in part, Europe is up to 8°C warmer than other longitudes at its latitude, with the largest effect in winter. It is this comparatively mild European climate, as well as the interrelated climates elsewhere, t ...
Separating Forced from Chaotic Climate Variability over the Past
... Ljungqvist (2011), show similar trends to the HadCRUT4 data over the instrumental period. Whereas all the other reconstructions scale the proxy record in some way to the instrumental data, the Christiansen and Ljungqvist reconstruction represents an unweighted average of a number of different proxie ...
... Ljungqvist (2011), show similar trends to the HadCRUT4 data over the instrumental period. Whereas all the other reconstructions scale the proxy record in some way to the instrumental data, the Christiansen and Ljungqvist reconstruction represents an unweighted average of a number of different proxie ...
Climate change in Australia | Southern and South
... scenario and also show the range of natural variability for a given climate. Greenhouse gas concentrations are similar amongst different RCPs for the near future, and for some variables, such as rainfall, the largest range in that period stems from natural variability. Later in the century, the diff ...
... scenario and also show the range of natural variability for a given climate. Greenhouse gas concentrations are similar amongst different RCPs for the near future, and for some variables, such as rainfall, the largest range in that period stems from natural variability. Later in the century, the diff ...
Climate change in Australia | East Coast cluster report
... Projections are generally given for two 20-year time periods: the near future 2020–2039 (herein referred to as 2030) and late in the century 2080–2099 (herein referred to as 2090). The spread of model results are presented as the range between the 10th and 90th percentile in the CMIP5 ensemble outpu ...
... Projections are generally given for two 20-year time periods: the near future 2020–2039 (herein referred to as 2030) and late in the century 2080–2099 (herein referred to as 2090). The spread of model results are presented as the range between the 10th and 90th percentile in the CMIP5 ensemble outpu ...
Climate change in Australia | Murray Basin cluster report
... CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology advise that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or ...
... CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology advise that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or ...
assessment of changes of extreme wave conditions at the
... 1 km, (ii) hourly wave spectra along the northern and eastern boundaries from the WAM model, and (iii) hourly wind data from Cosmo-CLM on a regular geographical grid with a horizontal resolution of ca. 18 km (Lautenschlager et al., 2009). The Cosmo-CLM model was forced by six-hourly data from the gl ...
... 1 km, (ii) hourly wave spectra along the northern and eastern boundaries from the WAM model, and (iii) hourly wind data from Cosmo-CLM on a regular geographical grid with a horizontal resolution of ca. 18 km (Lautenschlager et al., 2009). The Cosmo-CLM model was forced by six-hourly data from the gl ...
Mathematical Modeling and Dynamic Simulation of Metabolic
... important information of different aspects of the dynamic characteristics (Voit, 2013) of the metabolic system regardless of the type of organism. For example, time series metabolic data were used to elucidate regulatory mechanisms of respiratory oscillations of yeast (Murray et al., 2007) and their ...
... important information of different aspects of the dynamic characteristics (Voit, 2013) of the metabolic system regardless of the type of organism. For example, time series metabolic data were used to elucidate regulatory mechanisms of respiratory oscillations of yeast (Murray et al., 2007) and their ...
Joint regional climate system modelling for the European sea
... regional climate using observations and Regional Climate System Models (RCSMs), encompassing processes in the atmosphere, land, sea, and anthroposphere. In this workshop, we will focus on European seas and their catchment areas like the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea and Arctic ...
... regional climate using observations and Regional Climate System Models (RCSMs), encompassing processes in the atmosphere, land, sea, and anthroposphere. In this workshop, we will focus on European seas and their catchment areas like the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea and Arctic ...
The Hydrological Cycle of the Mediterranean
... due to more energy input from greenhouse warming). As a result, a 24% (0.4 mm/d) increase in the loss of freshwater (E–P) at the sea surface is projected towards the end of the twenty-first century. This change is large, roughly equal to the typical total received by the Mediterranean Sea on an annu ...
... due to more energy input from greenhouse warming). As a result, a 24% (0.4 mm/d) increase in the loss of freshwater (E–P) at the sea surface is projected towards the end of the twenty-first century. This change is large, roughly equal to the typical total received by the Mediterranean Sea on an annu ...
Future Emissions and Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide
... Model Q in ‘Release 1’ were an earlier ‘ocean-only’ case, and the ocean differed slightly from the form used for later versions; and Model R denoted the version of IMAGE-2 with CO2 -climate feedback (subsequently denoted R ). Draft release 2. This was released to IPCC lead authors for comment and a ...
... Model Q in ‘Release 1’ were an earlier ‘ocean-only’ case, and the ocean differed slightly from the form used for later versions; and Model R denoted the version of IMAGE-2 with CO2 -climate feedback (subsequently denoted R ). Draft release 2. This was released to IPCC lead authors for comment and a ...
Numerical weather prediction
Numerical weather prediction uses mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather based on current weather conditions. Though first attempted in the 1920s, it was not until the advent of computer simulation in the 1950s that numerical weather predictions produced realistic results. A number of global and regional forecast models are run in different countries worldwide, using current weather observations relayed from radiosondes, weather satellites and other observing systems as inputs.Mathematical models based on the same physical principles can be used to generate either short-term weather forecasts or longer-term climate predictions; the latter are widely applied for understanding and projecting climate change. The improvements made to regional models have allowed for significant improvements in tropical cyclone track and air quality forecasts; however, atmospheric models perform poorly at handling processes that occur in a relatively constricted area, such as wildfires.Manipulating the vast datasets and performing the complex calculations necessary to modern numerical weather prediction requires some of the most powerful supercomputers in the world. Even with the increasing power of supercomputers, the forecast skill of numerical weather models extends to about only six days. Factors affecting the accuracy of numerical predictions include the density and quality of observations used as input to the forecasts, along with deficiencies in the numerical models themselves. Post-processing techniques such as model output statistics (MOS) have been developed to improve the handling of errors in numerical predictions.A more fundamental problem lies in the chaotic nature of the partial differential equations that govern the atmosphere. It is impossible to solve these equations exactly, and small errors grow with time (doubling about every five days). Present understanding is that this chaotic behavior limits accurate forecasts to about 14 days even with perfectly accurate input data and a flawless model. In addition, the partial differential equations used in the model need to be supplemented with parameterizations for solar radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, and the effects of terrain. In an effort to quantify the large amount of inherent uncertainty remaining in numerical predictions, ensemble forecasts have been used since the 1990s to help gauge the confidence in the forecast, and to obtain useful results farther into the future than otherwise possible. This approach analyzes multiple forecasts created with an individual forecast model or multiple models.