Desert dust and anthropogenic aerosol interactions
... This model has atmospheric, ocean, land and sea ice components, linked together using a coupler. The terrestrial biosphere model is the Community Land Model-Carbon Nitrogen (CLM-CN) model, described in (Thornton et al., 2007, 2009) and evaluated in (Randerson et al., 2009). This model includes N-lim ...
... This model has atmospheric, ocean, land and sea ice components, linked together using a coupler. The terrestrial biosphere model is the Community Land Model-Carbon Nitrogen (CLM-CN) model, described in (Thornton et al., 2007, 2009) and evaluated in (Randerson et al., 2009). This model includes N-lim ...
Variations in the Wave Climate and Sediment Transport Due to
... Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPIM). It uses 1.875◦ longitude × 1.875◦ latitude (T63) horizontal resolution with 31 layers in the atmospheric part of the model and 1.5◦ longitude × 1.5◦ latitude resolution with 40 layers in the oceanic model. Climate change simulations using ECHAM5 are carried o ...
... Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPIM). It uses 1.875◦ longitude × 1.875◦ latitude (T63) horizontal resolution with 31 layers in the atmospheric part of the model and 1.5◦ longitude × 1.5◦ latitude resolution with 40 layers in the oceanic model. Climate change simulations using ECHAM5 are carried o ...
Global Climate Models and Their Limitations
... At the core of a GCM is an AGCM that dynamically simulates the circulation of the atmosphere, including the many processes that regulate energy transport and exchange by and within the atmospheric flow. The basic atmospheric flow is represented by fundamental equations that link the mass distributio ...
... At the core of a GCM is an AGCM that dynamically simulates the circulation of the atmosphere, including the many processes that regulate energy transport and exchange by and within the atmospheric flow. The basic atmospheric flow is represented by fundamental equations that link the mass distributio ...
STRIPS: A New Approach to the Application of Theorem Proving to
... to state the general rule that an object in one place is not in a different place. Using first-order predicate calculus wffs, we can represent quite complex world models and can use existing theorem-proving programs to answer questions about a model. The available operators are grouped into families ...
... to state the general rule that an object in one place is not in a different place. Using first-order predicate calculus wffs, we can represent quite complex world models and can use existing theorem-proving programs to answer questions about a model. The available operators are grouped into families ...
4. example problems solved by strips
... to state the general rule that an object in one place is not in a different place. Using first-order predicate calculus wffs, we can represent quite complex world models and can use existing theorem-proving programs to answer questions about a model. The available operators are grouped into families ...
... to state the general rule that an object in one place is not in a different place. Using first-order predicate calculus wffs, we can represent quite complex world models and can use existing theorem-proving programs to answer questions about a model. The available operators are grouped into families ...
Projections of Future Climate Change
... temperature, winds, precipitation, water vapour and pressure, coupled to a simple non-dynamic “slab” upper ocean, a layer of water usually around 50 m thick that calculates only temperature (sometimes referred to as a “mixed-layer model”). Such air-sea coupling allows those models to include a seaso ...
... temperature, winds, precipitation, water vapour and pressure, coupled to a simple non-dynamic “slab” upper ocean, a layer of water usually around 50 m thick that calculates only temperature (sometimes referred to as a “mixed-layer model”). Such air-sea coupling allows those models to include a seaso ...
Alberta`s Natural Subregions Under a Changing Climate
... shifted one Subregion northward relative to their present distribution. In the Boreal, there is clear evidence of a conversion of Dry Mixedwood to Central Parkland. There is also evidence of a transition of Central Mixedwood to Dry Mixedwood, at lower elevations. Higher elevation sites in the Boreal ...
... shifted one Subregion northward relative to their present distribution. In the Boreal, there is clear evidence of a conversion of Dry Mixedwood to Central Parkland. There is also evidence of a transition of Central Mixedwood to Dry Mixedwood, at lower elevations. Higher elevation sites in the Boreal ...
A Climate Modelling Primer - THIRD EDITION
... 4.6 Development of radiative–convective models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.1 Cloud prediction applied to the early Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cloud prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... 4.6 Development of radiative–convective models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.1 Cloud prediction applied to the early Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cloud prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
2008 The Authors Tellus (2008), 60B, 300–317 Journal compilation 2008 Blackwell Munksgaard
... greenhouse gases and aerosols, along with natural changes associated with solar radiation. Emphasis was placed on the complexity of the combined direct and indirect forcing from both aerosols and gases, as well as on the importance of improving our understanding of the role that each of these three ...
... greenhouse gases and aerosols, along with natural changes associated with solar radiation. Emphasis was placed on the complexity of the combined direct and indirect forcing from both aerosols and gases, as well as on the importance of improving our understanding of the role that each of these three ...
Future Changes in Drought Characteristics over Southern South
... Precipitation is the primary factor controlling the formation and persistence of drought conditions, but evapotranspiration is also an important variable [20]. Given the difficulties in obtaining reliable observed and modeled evapotranspiration measures over SSA, a drought estimator based solely on ...
... Precipitation is the primary factor controlling the formation and persistence of drought conditions, but evapotranspiration is also an important variable [20]. Given the difficulties in obtaining reliable observed and modeled evapotranspiration measures over SSA, a drought estimator based solely on ...
Effects of climate on occurrence and size of large - Archipel
... Since we sought to forecast weather-fire relationships, we limited our analyses to temperatureor precipitation-based variables. Other variables such as wind speed and relative humidity are known to influence fire weather severity from day to day; however, these variables typically do not relate well to ...
... Since we sought to forecast weather-fire relationships, we limited our analyses to temperatureor precipitation-based variables. Other variables such as wind speed and relative humidity are known to influence fire weather severity from day to day; however, these variables typically do not relate well to ...
Numerical weather prediction
Numerical weather prediction uses mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather based on current weather conditions. Though first attempted in the 1920s, it was not until the advent of computer simulation in the 1950s that numerical weather predictions produced realistic results. A number of global and regional forecast models are run in different countries worldwide, using current weather observations relayed from radiosondes, weather satellites and other observing systems as inputs.Mathematical models based on the same physical principles can be used to generate either short-term weather forecasts or longer-term climate predictions; the latter are widely applied for understanding and projecting climate change. The improvements made to regional models have allowed for significant improvements in tropical cyclone track and air quality forecasts; however, atmospheric models perform poorly at handling processes that occur in a relatively constricted area, such as wildfires.Manipulating the vast datasets and performing the complex calculations necessary to modern numerical weather prediction requires some of the most powerful supercomputers in the world. Even with the increasing power of supercomputers, the forecast skill of numerical weather models extends to about only six days. Factors affecting the accuracy of numerical predictions include the density and quality of observations used as input to the forecasts, along with deficiencies in the numerical models themselves. Post-processing techniques such as model output statistics (MOS) have been developed to improve the handling of errors in numerical predictions.A more fundamental problem lies in the chaotic nature of the partial differential equations that govern the atmosphere. It is impossible to solve these equations exactly, and small errors grow with time (doubling about every five days). Present understanding is that this chaotic behavior limits accurate forecasts to about 14 days even with perfectly accurate input data and a flawless model. In addition, the partial differential equations used in the model need to be supplemented with parameterizations for solar radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, and the effects of terrain. In an effort to quantify the large amount of inherent uncertainty remaining in numerical predictions, ensemble forecasts have been used since the 1990s to help gauge the confidence in the forecast, and to obtain useful results farther into the future than otherwise possible. This approach analyzes multiple forecasts created with an individual forecast model or multiple models.