Andromeda Nebula Lies Outside Milky Way Galaxy
... studied many spiral nebulae. He has discovered they are moving away from us at a rapid pace. This is strong evidence of an expanding universe. He has further determined that the farther the nebula, the faster it moves away. Hubble and colleague Milton Humason measured the speeds and distances for tw ...
... studied many spiral nebulae. He has discovered they are moving away from us at a rapid pace. This is strong evidence of an expanding universe. He has further determined that the farther the nebula, the faster it moves away. Hubble and colleague Milton Humason measured the speeds and distances for tw ...
Galaxies
... • Origin, early history, and fate of the Universe • Does the Universe have a beginning? An end? What physics processes “caused” the Universe to be what it is? Are other universes possible? Would they look like ours (have the same physics)? • Cosmological Principle - the Universe appears the same ...
... • Origin, early history, and fate of the Universe • Does the Universe have a beginning? An end? What physics processes “caused” the Universe to be what it is? Are other universes possible? Would they look like ours (have the same physics)? • Cosmological Principle - the Universe appears the same ...
My Favorite Universe
... rotation has the effect of Àattening the system. This general Àattening is also seen in galaxies. In the Milky Way, for example, some stars reveal the skeleton of the sphere that originally existed, but the galaxy has Àattened out. Earth, too, is slightly bigger at the equator than at the poles, bec ...
... rotation has the effect of Àattening the system. This general Àattening is also seen in galaxies. In the Milky Way, for example, some stars reveal the skeleton of the sphere that originally existed, but the galaxy has Àattened out. Earth, too, is slightly bigger at the equator than at the poles, bec ...
The Electric Universe by Wallace Thornhill and David Talbott
... This is a universe filled with black holes, dark matter, dark energy, and other incomprehensible objects and forces, all with one thing in common: they remain unseen and inaccessible under known laws of physics. With each new discovery, the ‘Big Bang’ universe grows increasingly bizarre, inviting ...
... This is a universe filled with black holes, dark matter, dark energy, and other incomprehensible objects and forces, all with one thing in common: they remain unseen and inaccessible under known laws of physics. With each new discovery, the ‘Big Bang’ universe grows increasingly bizarre, inviting ...
Expanding Earth and Static Universe: Two Papers of 1935
... primitive Earth was entirely covered by water, the continents only arising along with the expansion of the Earth. Halm’s theory of the Earth as a slowly cooling and expanding rigid body offered a new perspective on “the remarkable and fascinating suggestion regarding the formation of the continents ...
... primitive Earth was entirely covered by water, the continents only arising along with the expansion of the Earth. Halm’s theory of the Earth as a slowly cooling and expanding rigid body offered a new perspective on “the remarkable and fascinating suggestion regarding the formation of the continents ...
The Search for the Earliest Galaxies
... toward Earth, the wavelength of its light becomes shorter, appearing bluer. Its light is said to be blueshifted. Conversely, when the star is receding from Earth, its light is said to be redshifted. Scientists can calculate the object’s velocity by measuring how much its light is shifted. The greate ...
... toward Earth, the wavelength of its light becomes shorter, appearing bluer. Its light is said to be blueshifted. Conversely, when the star is receding from Earth, its light is said to be redshifted. Scientists can calculate the object’s velocity by measuring how much its light is shifted. The greate ...
X-ray Astronomy and the search for Black Holes
... • The hard X-rays are optical thin, thermal emission from the accreting plasma, as also seen in magnetic and non-magnetic CVs • These symbiotic stars have harder spectra than non-magnetic CVs • Yet they are unlikely to have a magnetic white dwarf • Non-magnetic CVs can have high temperatures if the ...
... • The hard X-rays are optical thin, thermal emission from the accreting plasma, as also seen in magnetic and non-magnetic CVs • These symbiotic stars have harder spectra than non-magnetic CVs • Yet they are unlikely to have a magnetic white dwarf • Non-magnetic CVs can have high temperatures if the ...
the first three thresholds - McGraw
... again to form a new universe (see Chapter 13). Another speculation, which is now taken more seriously, is that there is a vast multidimensional “multiverse” within which universes keep appearing, each with its own distinctive features, so that our universe may be one of countless billions of univers ...
... again to form a new universe (see Chapter 13). Another speculation, which is now taken more seriously, is that there is a vast multidimensional “multiverse” within which universes keep appearing, each with its own distinctive features, so that our universe may be one of countless billions of univers ...
1. setting the scene 2. the cosmic dark ages and the first stars
... This ‘standard model’ of cosmology is illustrated in Figure 1. Our Universe began 13.7 billion years ago, in an event whose popular name – the Big Bang – reflects our ignorance of its nature and cause. As the Universe expanded (and cooled) from this initial infinitesimally small size which encompass ...
... This ‘standard model’ of cosmology is illustrated in Figure 1. Our Universe began 13.7 billion years ago, in an event whose popular name – the Big Bang – reflects our ignorance of its nature and cause. As the Universe expanded (and cooled) from this initial infinitesimally small size which encompass ...
Ch 33) Astrophysics and Cosmology
... we are looking. For example, if we saw Proxima Centauri explode into a supernova today, then the event would have really occurred about 4.2 years ago. The most distant galaxies emitted the light we see now roughly 13 * 109 years ago. What we see was how they were then, 13 * 109 yr ago. EXERCISE A Su ...
... we are looking. For example, if we saw Proxima Centauri explode into a supernova today, then the event would have really occurred about 4.2 years ago. The most distant galaxies emitted the light we see now roughly 13 * 109 years ago. What we see was how they were then, 13 * 109 yr ago. EXERCISE A Su ...
has occurred over the past 14 billion years COSMIC DOWNSIZING
... which objects are in front and which are more distant — among the thousands of galaxies in a typical deep-field image. The standard way to perform this task is to obtain a spectrum of each galaxy in the image and measure its redshift. Because of the universe’s expansion, the light from distant sourc ...
... which objects are in front and which are more distant — among the thousands of galaxies in a typical deep-field image. The standard way to perform this task is to obtain a spectrum of each galaxy in the image and measure its redshift. Because of the universe’s expansion, the light from distant sourc ...
Chapter-by-Chapter Guide
... can see that every raisin will move away from every other raisin. So each raisin will see all of the others moving away from it, with more distant ones moving faster— just as Hubble observed galaxies to be moving. Thus, just as the raisin observations can be explained by the fact that the raisin cak ...
... can see that every raisin will move away from every other raisin. So each raisin will see all of the others moving away from it, with more distant ones moving faster— just as Hubble observed galaxies to be moving. Thus, just as the raisin observations can be explained by the fact that the raisin cak ...
Dark Matter— More Than Meets The Eye
... particles that includes protons and neutrons, which are made of quarks. Most of mass of ordinary matter that we can see and touch of which we are made are baryons. Baryonic matter makes up galaxies, stars, and atoms, has been processed in stars, and has evolved along with the universe. Table 1. Elem ...
... particles that includes protons and neutrons, which are made of quarks. Most of mass of ordinary matter that we can see and touch of which we are made are baryons. Baryonic matter makes up galaxies, stars, and atoms, has been processed in stars, and has evolved along with the universe. Table 1. Elem ...
Word
... explosion from a point when space, time and matter were created. This event is thought to have occurred about 14 billion years ago. As the Universe expanded and cooled, first nucleons, then nuclei, atoms, molecules, stars and planets and eventually galaxies formed. The Big Bang theory originated fro ...
... explosion from a point when space, time and matter were created. This event is thought to have occurred about 14 billion years ago. As the Universe expanded and cooled, first nucleons, then nuclei, atoms, molecules, stars and planets and eventually galaxies formed. The Big Bang theory originated fro ...
Lecture 2: ppt, 5 MB
... The New Force Is Called “Dark Energy” Dark energy accounts for 73% of the content of the universe Dark matter accounts for 23% The content we’re familiar with is only 4% ...
... The New Force Is Called “Dark Energy” Dark energy accounts for 73% of the content of the universe Dark matter accounts for 23% The content we’re familiar with is only 4% ...
the text the talk here
... the fixed stars. Nothing exists outside this sphere. Needless to say, this was an assumption, not based on any observation or calculation. Between the outer sphere and the Moon’s orbit there is an intermediate region occupied by the Sun and planets. The inner region had the Earth at the centre with ...
... the fixed stars. Nothing exists outside this sphere. Needless to say, this was an assumption, not based on any observation or calculation. Between the outer sphere and the Moon’s orbit there is an intermediate region occupied by the Sun and planets. The inner region had the Earth at the centre with ...
attached file
... Cosmological Principle) it can be shown that the corresponding distortion of space-time (due to the gravitational effects of this matter) can only have one of three forms, as shown schematically in the picture at left. It can be "positively" curved like the surface of a ball and finite in extent; it ...
... Cosmological Principle) it can be shown that the corresponding distortion of space-time (due to the gravitational effects of this matter) can only have one of three forms, as shown schematically in the picture at left. It can be "positively" curved like the surface of a ball and finite in extent; it ...
Hubble Space Telescope`s
... merged. Many of the galaxies are ablaze with star birth. By studying galaxies at different epochs, astronomers can see how galaxies change over time. The process is analogous to a very large scrapbook of pictures documenting the lives of children from infancy to adulthood. The deep views also reveal ...
... merged. Many of the galaxies are ablaze with star birth. By studying galaxies at different epochs, astronomers can see how galaxies change over time. The process is analogous to a very large scrapbook of pictures documenting the lives of children from infancy to adulthood. The deep views also reveal ...
PDF - Amazing Space, STScI
... The telescope spied two new moons orbiting the dwarf planet Pluto, which resides at the inner edge of the Kuiper Belt. Named Nix and Hydra, the moons have the same color as Charon, Pluto’s only other known moon. The moons’ common color further reinforces the idea that all three moons were born from ...
... The telescope spied two new moons orbiting the dwarf planet Pluto, which resides at the inner edge of the Kuiper Belt. Named Nix and Hydra, the moons have the same color as Charon, Pluto’s only other known moon. The moons’ common color further reinforces the idea that all three moons were born from ...
Lecture2.2014_v4 - UCO/Lick Observatory
... – Virtually every galaxy outside our Local Group is moving away from us – The farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us – How is the observation made? From Doppler shift of spectral lines (will discuss in later lecture). » Color of light becomes redder if the object emitting the ...
... – Virtually every galaxy outside our Local Group is moving away from us – The farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us – How is the observation made? From Doppler shift of spectral lines (will discuss in later lecture). » Color of light becomes redder if the object emitting the ...
Lecture 2: A Modern View of the Universe
... – Virtually every galaxy outside our Local Group is moving away from us – The farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us – How is the observation made? From Doppler shift of spectral lines (will discuss in later lecture). » Color of light becomes redder if the object emitting ...
... – Virtually every galaxy outside our Local Group is moving away from us – The farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us – How is the observation made? From Doppler shift of spectral lines (will discuss in later lecture). » Color of light becomes redder if the object emitting ...
AST1100 Lecture Notes
... • planets and asteroids? • brown dwarf stars? • something else? From our own solar system, it seems that the total matter is dominated by the Sun, not the planets. The total mass of the planets only make up about one part in 1000 of the total mass of the solar system. If this is the normal ratio, an ...
... • planets and asteroids? • brown dwarf stars? • something else? From our own solar system, it seems that the total matter is dominated by the Sun, not the planets. The total mass of the planets only make up about one part in 1000 of the total mass of the solar system. If this is the normal ratio, an ...
2. The World at Large: From the Big Bang to Black Holes
... and much more. The elementary particles do not keep such a well-defined identity, they become much more vague, merge in some sense with the forces acting upon them, and can no longer be discerned as tiny objects in space. It is difficult to write about impressions on the way to even smaller dimensio ...
... and much more. The elementary particles do not keep such a well-defined identity, they become much more vague, merge in some sense with the forces acting upon them, and can no longer be discerned as tiny objects in space. It is difficult to write about impressions on the way to even smaller dimensio ...
GRADE 12A: Physics 7
... • The nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way is the Andromeda galaxy (Andromeda nebula), which is also a spiral. • Even the nearest galaxy lies at a distance of a few million light-years. Light reaching us has been in transit for this time, so it carries information about the galaxy as it was a few m ...
... • The nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way is the Andromeda galaxy (Andromeda nebula), which is also a spiral. • Even the nearest galaxy lies at a distance of a few million light-years. Light reaching us has been in transit for this time, so it carries information about the galaxy as it was a few m ...
Expanding Universe and Big Bang
... a) The Doppler Effect is observed in sound and light. For sound, the apparent change in frequency as a source moves towards or away from a stationary observer should be investigated. The Doppler Effect causes similar shifts in wavelengths of light. The light from objects moving away from us is shift ...
... a) The Doppler Effect is observed in sound and light. For sound, the apparent change in frequency as a source moves towards or away from a stationary observer should be investigated. The Doppler Effect causes similar shifts in wavelengths of light. The light from objects moving away from us is shift ...
Universe
The Universe is all of time and space and its contents. The Universe includes planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, the smallest subatomic particles, and all matter and energy. The observable universe is about 28 billion parsecs (91 billion light-years) in diameter at the present time. The size of the whole Universe is not known and may be infinite. Observations and the development of physical theories have led to inferences about the composition and evolution of the Universe.Throughout recorded history, cosmologies and cosmogonies, including scientific models, have been proposed to explain observations of the Universe. The earliest quantitative geocentric models were developed by ancient Greek philosophers and Indian philosophers. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led to Nicolaus Copernicus's heliocentric model of the Solar System and Johannes Kepler's improvement on that model with elliptical orbits, which was eventually explained by Isaac Newton's theory of gravity. Further observational improvements led to the realization that the Solar System is located in a galaxy composed of billions of stars, the Milky Way. It was subsequently discovered that our galaxy is just one of many. On the largest scales, it is assumed that the distribution of galaxies is uniform and the same in all directions, meaning that the Universe has neither an edge nor a center. Observations of the distribution of these galaxies and their spectral lines have led to many of the theories of modern physical cosmology. The discovery in the early 20th century that galaxies are systematically redshifted suggested that the Universe is expanding, and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation suggested that the Universe had a beginning. Finally, observations in the late 1990s indicated the rate of the expansion of the Universe is increasing indicating that the majority of energy is most likely in an unknown form called dark energy. The majority of mass in the universe also appears to exist in an unknown form, called dark matter.The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model describing the development of the Universe. Space and time were created in the Big Bang, and these were imbued with a fixed amount of energy and matter; as space expands, the density of that matter and energy decreases. After the initial expansion, the Universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation first of subatomic particles and later of simple atoms. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars. Assuming that the prevailing model is correct, the age of the Universe is measured to be 7001137990000000000♠13.799±0.021 billion years.There are many competing hypotheses about the ultimate fate of the Universe. Physicists and philosophers remain unsure about what, if anything, preceded the Big Bang. Many refuse to speculate, doubting that any information from any such prior state could ever be accessible. There are various multiverse hypotheses, in which some physicists have suggested that the Universe might be one among many universes that likewise exist.