Methylphenidate Enhances Working Memory by Modulating
... The indirect catecholamine agonist methylphenidate (Ritalin) is the drug treatment of choice in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), one of the most common behavioral disorders of childhood (DSM-IV), although symptoms may persist into adulthood. Methylphenidate can enhance cognitive per ...
... The indirect catecholamine agonist methylphenidate (Ritalin) is the drug treatment of choice in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), one of the most common behavioral disorders of childhood (DSM-IV), although symptoms may persist into adulthood. Methylphenidate can enhance cognitive per ...
Responses to Rare Visual Target and Distractor Stimuli Using Event
... 1997; Knight and Nakada 1998). This suggests that some portion of the neural activity evoked by these stimuli is not observed using fMRI. In a previous study (Clark et al. 1998), we introduced a method for performing event-related fMRI using multiple regression, which has shown greater sensitivity t ...
... 1997; Knight and Nakada 1998). This suggests that some portion of the neural activity evoked by these stimuli is not observed using fMRI. In a previous study (Clark et al. 1998), we introduced a method for performing event-related fMRI using multiple regression, which has shown greater sensitivity t ...
Segregation and convergence of specialised pathways in
... interconnected, at best, and there is limited direct convergence in their two sets of ascending connections. For instance, both areas send output to area LIP; but V4 targets the dorsal half of the area, and V5 the ventral half, with some minor overlap. Projections to the superior temporal sulcus are ...
... interconnected, at best, and there is limited direct convergence in their two sets of ascending connections. For instance, both areas send output to area LIP; but V4 targets the dorsal half of the area, and V5 the ventral half, with some minor overlap. Projections to the superior temporal sulcus are ...
Greater Cortical Gray Matter Density in Lithium
... whole brain gray or white matter between bipolar and comparison subjects or in the volume of individual cortical, subcortical, or limbic structures (McDonald et al. 2004). However, the authors noted significant heterogeneity across studies for several brain structures, including the amygdala, left s ...
... whole brain gray or white matter between bipolar and comparison subjects or in the volume of individual cortical, subcortical, or limbic structures (McDonald et al. 2004). However, the authors noted significant heterogeneity across studies for several brain structures, including the amygdala, left s ...
Cellular-synaptic generation of EEG activity
... amplitude of extracellular unit activity decreases much more rapidly with distance between the cell membrane and the recording site than is the case for slower membrane events. However, when a microelectode is placed close to the cell body layer of cortical structures the recorded field potentials c ...
... amplitude of extracellular unit activity decreases much more rapidly with distance between the cell membrane and the recording site than is the case for slower membrane events. However, when a microelectode is placed close to the cell body layer of cortical structures the recorded field potentials c ...
Comparative molecular neuroanatomy of mammalian neocortex
... Abstract It is over 100 years since Brodmann proposed the homology of layer and area structure of the cerebral cortex across species. ...
... Abstract It is over 100 years since Brodmann proposed the homology of layer and area structure of the cerebral cortex across species. ...
Peripheral Nervous System - cK-12
... The motor division of the peripheral system carries messages from the central nervous system to internal organs and muscles. The motor division is also divided into two parts (Figure 1.4), the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system carries messages that c ...
... The motor division of the peripheral system carries messages from the central nervous system to internal organs and muscles. The motor division is also divided into two parts (Figure 1.4), the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system carries messages that c ...
... Diverging neural pathways • Diverging neural pathways have one neuron branching out and feeding impulses to many neurons. • This allows for signals from a single source to be sent to several destinations and allows us to co-ordinate control (e.g. when threading a needle. This is fine motor control ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College
... – Located in frontal lobe, motor areas act to control voluntary movement – Primary motor cortex in precentral gyrus – Premotor cortex anterior to precentral gyrus – Broca’s area anterior to inferior premotor area – Frontal eye field within and anterior to premotor cortex; superior to Broca’s area ...
... – Located in frontal lobe, motor areas act to control voluntary movement – Primary motor cortex in precentral gyrus – Premotor cortex anterior to precentral gyrus – Broca’s area anterior to inferior premotor area – Frontal eye field within and anterior to premotor cortex; superior to Broca’s area ...
Lentivirus-based genetic manipulations of cortical neurons and their
... activity in vivo in comparison with the shorter constructs. This finding underscores the importance of testing different-length promoter fragments in the lentiviral vectors. Because Synapsin I expression peaks between the second and third postnatal week (17), the Synapsin I-based vectors may be suit ...
... activity in vivo in comparison with the shorter constructs. This finding underscores the importance of testing different-length promoter fragments in the lentiviral vectors. Because Synapsin I expression peaks between the second and third postnatal week (17), the Synapsin I-based vectors may be suit ...
REVIEW Reticular formation and spinal cord injury
... made complete severance of their connections almost impossible unless the relevant part of the CNS is completely destroyed. This is why the system can hardly be studied by traditional degeneration method. As a result, it had never been properly studied and understood until recently when new techniqu ...
... made complete severance of their connections almost impossible unless the relevant part of the CNS is completely destroyed. This is why the system can hardly be studied by traditional degeneration method. As a result, it had never been properly studied and understood until recently when new techniqu ...
MR Evaluation of Brain Iron in Children with Cerebral Infarction
... matter structures has been documented by Drayer et al. [18] and Rutledge et al. [7] . Hallgren and Sourander [2] found that ferric species accumulated rapidly in ganglionic sites with the greatest rate of physiologic deposition occurring before the age of 20 years. This temporal progression of accum ...
... matter structures has been documented by Drayer et al. [18] and Rutledge et al. [7] . Hallgren and Sourander [2] found that ferric species accumulated rapidly in ganglionic sites with the greatest rate of physiologic deposition occurring before the age of 20 years. This temporal progression of accum ...
Location and connectivity determine GABAergic interneuron survival in the brains... South Hampshire sheep with CLN6 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
... neurons positive to parvalbumin from the affected cortex became apparent at four months of age and had become profound by 19 months. The extent of loss varied markedly between regions, as to a lesser extent did the loss of somatostatin positive neurons. Conversely calretinin, calbindin and neuropept ...
... neurons positive to parvalbumin from the affected cortex became apparent at four months of age and had become profound by 19 months. The extent of loss varied markedly between regions, as to a lesser extent did the loss of somatostatin positive neurons. Conversely calretinin, calbindin and neuropept ...
Frankland lecture FINAL
... activity that occurred at encoding is recreated at later times (i.e., retrieval) ...
... activity that occurred at encoding is recreated at later times (i.e., retrieval) ...
pdf, 1 MiB - Infoscience
... create a mask of the ROI (automatically or manually), in order to generate a connectivity distribution from the specified region of interest. Probabilistic tractography is performed from every voxel with a value greater than 0 in this mask. The output file is a single image in the space of the speci ...
... create a mask of the ROI (automatically or manually), in order to generate a connectivity distribution from the specified region of interest. Probabilistic tractography is performed from every voxel with a value greater than 0 in this mask. The output file is a single image in the space of the speci ...
physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: rapid induction by learning
... and Diamond, in press), and wherever possible, are referenced in the text rather than repeated here. 2. Perspectives on Neuroplasticity Neuroplasticity has become a major focus in contemporary neurobiology. It is widely studied at several levels--subcellular, cellular, neuronal systems, behavioral-- ...
... and Diamond, in press), and wherever possible, are referenced in the text rather than repeated here. 2. Perspectives on Neuroplasticity Neuroplasticity has become a major focus in contemporary neurobiology. It is widely studied at several levels--subcellular, cellular, neuronal systems, behavioral-- ...
State of the art
... by releasing chemical mediators—eg, catecholamines that increase heart rate and blood pressure—that help us cope with the situation; on the other hand, chronic elevation of these same mediators—eg, chronically increased heart rate and blood pressure—produce chronic wear and tear on the cardiovascula ...
... by releasing chemical mediators—eg, catecholamines that increase heart rate and blood pressure—that help us cope with the situation; on the other hand, chronic elevation of these same mediators—eg, chronically increased heart rate and blood pressure—produce chronic wear and tear on the cardiovascula ...
- Wiley Online Library
... The neuronal circuitry that supports voluntary changes in eye position in tasks that require attention-driven oculo-motor control is well known. However, less is known about the neuronal basis for eye control during visual fixation. This, together with the fact that visual fixation is one of the mos ...
... The neuronal circuitry that supports voluntary changes in eye position in tasks that require attention-driven oculo-motor control is well known. However, less is known about the neuronal basis for eye control during visual fixation. This, together with the fact that visual fixation is one of the mos ...
The Organization of the Frontal Motor Cortex
... somatotopic organization, with a leg and an arm representation located dorsal and ventral to the superior precentral dimple, respectively. In the past, this area was considered to be part of Woolsey’s M1. Possibly for this reason, most of the functional studies of F2 have been focused on the motor p ...
... somatotopic organization, with a leg and an arm representation located dorsal and ventral to the superior precentral dimple, respectively. In the past, this area was considered to be part of Woolsey’s M1. Possibly for this reason, most of the functional studies of F2 have been focused on the motor p ...
Cell body, axon, dendrite, synapse
... caused by an overactive dopamine system in the brain. In light of this theory what kind of treatment do you think may be effective in treating the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Specifically how would the drug target neurons? ...
... caused by an overactive dopamine system in the brain. In light of this theory what kind of treatment do you think may be effective in treating the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Specifically how would the drug target neurons? ...
Role of Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC1325 in membrane
... Ca2+-ATPases showed similar levels when AD-induced rats were treated with L. Plantarum for 30 days; but 60 days treatment showed significantly increased activity levels of ATPases in protective group compared to the normal control and AD model groups. An interesting finding in the present study was ...
... Ca2+-ATPases showed similar levels when AD-induced rats were treated with L. Plantarum for 30 days; but 60 days treatment showed significantly increased activity levels of ATPases in protective group compared to the normal control and AD model groups. An interesting finding in the present study was ...
Systematic Regional Variations in the Loss of Cortical Cholinergic
... all cortical areas. In the rest, tissue was available from temporal, anterior parietal, and posterior frontal areas, and in some of these from the occipital and anterior frontal cortex as well. Only brains with no gross or microscopic abnormalities and no or very few cortical plaques and tangles, co ...
... all cortical areas. In the rest, tissue was available from temporal, anterior parietal, and posterior frontal areas, and in some of these from the occipital and anterior frontal cortex as well. Only brains with no gross or microscopic abnormalities and no or very few cortical plaques and tangles, co ...
Microstructure of the neocortex: Comparative aspects
... the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of other species? It is clear that distinct cortical areas show important differences within both the same and different species, ...
... the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of other species? It is clear that distinct cortical areas show important differences within both the same and different species, ...
Category-specific Conceptual Processing of
... words (Preissl et al., 1995; Martin et al., 1996; Pulvermüller et al., 1999). Among the action words, those related to movements of the face, arm or leg activated fronto-central cortex in a somatotopic fashion (Hauk et al., 2004; Shtyrov et al., 2004), consistent with the claim that sensorimotor co ...
... words (Preissl et al., 1995; Martin et al., 1996; Pulvermüller et al., 1999). Among the action words, those related to movements of the face, arm or leg activated fronto-central cortex in a somatotopic fashion (Hauk et al., 2004; Shtyrov et al., 2004), consistent with the claim that sensorimotor co ...
Effects on the central and peripheral nervous activity in rats elicited
... negatively affected by Hg2+ (Castoldi et al., 1996). Previous studies by our group evaluated the effects of Hg2+ on cortical activity. In these studies rats, receiving subchronic oral HgCl2 treatment at 0.4 and 1.6 mg kg−1, showed alterations in spontaneous (Dési et al., 1996) and stimulus evoked (S ...
... negatively affected by Hg2+ (Castoldi et al., 1996). Previous studies by our group evaluated the effects of Hg2+ on cortical activity. In these studies rats, receiving subchronic oral HgCl2 treatment at 0.4 and 1.6 mg kg−1, showed alterations in spontaneous (Dési et al., 1996) and stimulus evoked (S ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.