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Antibiotics and resistance
Antibiotics and resistance

... linked together by 3‘- 5‘phosphor-diester bonds. • Each nucleotide has 3 parts: (1) Sugar: • Deoxyribose: nucleotides containing the deoxyribose are deoxyribo nucleotides which form deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA). • Ribose: nucleotides containing the sugar ribose are ribonucleotides which form ribonuc ...
DNA Technology
DNA Technology

... The chemical structure of everyone's DNA is the same. The only difference between people (or any animal) is the order of the base pairs. Using these sequences, every person could be identified solely by the sequence of their base pairs. However, because there are so many millions of base pairs, the ...
Section 1: Nucleic acids – the molecules of life
Section 1: Nucleic acids – the molecules of life

... . Base pairs were calculated to be 0.34 nm (nano meters) apart and there were 10 base pairs for one complete turn of the helix . Watson and Crick later won the Nobel Prize for their work on DNA Replication of DNA . A molecule like DNA, acting as the genetic material, must have a means of making exac ...
DNA Structure
DNA Structure

... the proteins responsible for nucleosome remodeling work together in large complexes. One of these is Swi/Snf, made up of at least 11 proteins, which is present in many eukaryotes ...
Comprehension Questions
Comprehension Questions

... 5. Describe how proteins are formed? ...
Name: “Berry Full of DNA” DNA Extraction Lab Question: What
Name: “Berry Full of DNA” DNA Extraction Lab Question: What

... and ripe strawberries produce enzymes that contribute to the breakdown of cell walls. The diagram below provides a quick review of the major structures found in a typical plant cell. ...
Unit 4
Unit 4

... The nitrogen bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. A pyrimidine , in which cytosine and thymine belong to, have a single ring, while purines, in which adenine and guanine belong to, are nitrogenous bases with two organic rings. Explain the "base-pairing rule" and describe its significan ...
Something`s Fishy
Something`s Fishy

... Zoology / Mrs. O’Connor Background Information You have learned that DNA is a linear sequence of nucleotides made up of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. This sequence of A, T, G, and C is unique to each individual. Restriction enzymes cut DNA. Each restriction enzyme recognizes a specific gr ...
BIOTECHNOLOGY - Bishop Amat Memorial High School
BIOTECHNOLOGY - Bishop Amat Memorial High School

... from bacteria (ex: EcoRI) and inserted into DNA of organism of choice! B. Restriction Enzyme specifically cuts DNA of selected organism at specific recognition sequences of nucleotides. ...
Introduction to some basic features of genetic information
Introduction to some basic features of genetic information

... base pairing with its sister DNA strand, forming the double helix. The complementarities of the nucleotide bases also facilitate replication, or copying of the genetic material. How does an organism pass this DNA to daughter cells and offspring? Inheritance, the passing of genetic information (genes ...
Chapter 13 DNA - Pearson Places
Chapter 13 DNA - Pearson Places

... number of repeating base sequences at ten locations across various chromosome pairs is considered sufficiently accurate to identify an individual. ...
Unit 04 Part III - Githens Jaguars
Unit 04 Part III - Githens Jaguars

... Human Cut Restriction Enzymes cut DNA at very specific sites Separate the base pairs of both strands “Scissors” in Recombinant DNA ...
投影片 1
投影片 1

... The majority of human intergenic sequences are Composed of repetitive DNA ...
Lab 8
Lab 8

... In our cells, DNA is found inside the nucleus, wrapped around basic protein molecules called histones (kind of like thread wrapped around a spool). This combination of DNA and protein is called a nucleosome. The DNA does not leave the nucleus, so when new proteins or other structures need to be made ...
mutation
mutation

... Alter the bonding structure (base pairing) and therefore can induce changes in sequence during replication. ...
SPMS Unit 3.1 DNA Profiling File
SPMS Unit 3.1 DNA Profiling File

... a. What do they have in common? b. Describe how they differ? c. How are they each used in forensics? Elaborate on STRs used in DNA analysis. a. STR is an abbreviation for which words? b. Where do you find STRs? c. How many bases are usually found within an STR? d. List several examples of STRs. e. I ...
Nucleotide
Nucleotide

... • The chain has an orientation defined by the sugarphosphage backbone. • One terminal nucleotide has a “free” 5’ end, and the other has a “free” 3’ end. ...
DNA
DNA

... information in the same way that DNA does. ...
ppt
ppt

... • Read section 6.4 to find out more about this ...
pp Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best
pp Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best

... c. is possible only between closely related species d. does not cut DNA e. does not involve enzymes 3. Small circular molecules of "extra" DNA in bacteria are called ____. a. plasmids b. desmids c. pilus d. F-particles e. transferins 4. Which is not true of plasmids? a. They are self-reproducing cir ...
-1- Biophysics 204 Graphics problem set - nucleic acid
-1- Biophysics 204 Graphics problem set - nucleic acid

... Graphics problem set - nucleic acid-protein interactions DNA-binding proteins often recognize specific binding sites by making sets of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals contacts to functional groups in the DNA major groove. Zinc finger proteins are especially useful for examining sequence-specific in ...
to 3
to 3

... Which of the following statements is true about DNA replication in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes? A. There is only one origin of replication. B. There are multiple origins of replication. C. Nucleotides are added at the rate of 5005000 nucleotides per minute. D. DNA polymerases are required. E. ...
Chapter-9-Chromosomes-and-DNA-Replication
Chapter-9-Chromosomes-and-DNA-Replication

... Replication starts at a specific sequence on the DNA molecule. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips DNA, breaking the hydrogen bonds that join the base pairs, and forming two separate strands. The new DNA is built up from the four nucleotides (A, C, G and T) that are abundant (free nucleotides) in the nu ...
DNA - Doctor Jade
DNA - Doctor Jade

... • carbon sugar-deoxyribose • nitrogenous base • 1-3 PO4 groups • contains 4 different nucleotides • each with different nitrogenous base • bases are found in 2 major groups • Purines – double ring structures – adenine (A) – guanine (G) • Pyrimidines – single ring structures – thymine (T) – cytosine ...
This would be given at the end of the unit
This would be given at the end of the unit

... b. DNA sequencing c. a restriction enzyme producing a DNA fragment d. polymerase chain reaction 2. In Figure 13-1, between which nucleotides is the DNA cut? a. adenine and thymine b. cytosine and guanine c. thymine and cytosine d. adenine and guanine 3. To produce genetically engineered bacteria tha ...
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DNA



Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/; DNA) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA is a nucleic acid; alongside proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids compose the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogen-containing nucleobase—either cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), or thymine (T)—as well as a monosaccharide sugar called deoxyribose and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. According to base pairing rules (A with T, and C with G), hydrogen bonds bind the nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands to make double-stranded DNA. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).DNA stores biological information. The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage, and both strands of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information. Biological information is replicated as the two strands are separated. A significant portion of DNA (more than 98% for humans) is non-coding, meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences.The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information. Under the genetic code, RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins. These RNA strands are initially created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription.Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.First isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 and with its molecular structure first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro- and nano-fabrication. Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials.The obsolete synonym ""desoxyribonucleic acid"" may occasionally be encountered, for example, in pre-1953 genetics.
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