Neuron Function notes
... SEQUENCE OF EVENTS [AT CHOLINERGIC SYNAPSE(acetylcholine is neurotransmitter)] 1. Arriving AP depoliarizes the synaptic knob and the presynaptic membrane 2. Ca+2 ions enter the cytoplasm of the synaptic knob – membrane channels in synaptic vesicles – release Ach 3. Ach diffuses across synaptic cleft ...
... SEQUENCE OF EVENTS [AT CHOLINERGIC SYNAPSE(acetylcholine is neurotransmitter)] 1. Arriving AP depoliarizes the synaptic knob and the presynaptic membrane 2. Ca+2 ions enter the cytoplasm of the synaptic knob – membrane channels in synaptic vesicles – release Ach 3. Ach diffuses across synaptic cleft ...
Cell types: Muscle cell Adipocyte Liver cell Pancreatic cell Example
... Ischemic stroke, for instance, is caused by a lack of oxygen and glucose in the brain, which leads to the excessive accumulation of glutamate in the extracellular space. Glutamate then activates Nmethyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which trigger calcium influx and a series of detrimental events, in ...
... Ischemic stroke, for instance, is caused by a lack of oxygen and glucose in the brain, which leads to the excessive accumulation of glutamate in the extracellular space. Glutamate then activates Nmethyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which trigger calcium influx and a series of detrimental events, in ...
Nerve Cells
... Cells expressing the mTAAR5 receptor appear to bind to a chemical present in the urine of two different species of adult male mice but not present in the urine of female mice nor in the urine of human males. This chemical may serve as a signal (pheromone) by which mice recognize the presence of sexu ...
... Cells expressing the mTAAR5 receptor appear to bind to a chemical present in the urine of two different species of adult male mice but not present in the urine of female mice nor in the urine of human males. This chemical may serve as a signal (pheromone) by which mice recognize the presence of sexu ...
“Electrical Properties of Neuron”
... -ve ions therefore build up on the inside surface of the membrane and an equal amount of +ve ions build up on the outside The difference in concentration generates an electrical potential (membrane potential) which plays an important role in neuronal dynamics. Cell membrane: 2-3 nm thick and i ...
... -ve ions therefore build up on the inside surface of the membrane and an equal amount of +ve ions build up on the outside The difference in concentration generates an electrical potential (membrane potential) which plays an important role in neuronal dynamics. Cell membrane: 2-3 nm thick and i ...
Nerve and muscle signalling
... • The frequency of spikes within a trains usually encodes the intensity of the sensation or instruction • Trains of spikes are usually interspersed by periods of silence ...
... • The frequency of spikes within a trains usually encodes the intensity of the sensation or instruction • Trains of spikes are usually interspersed by periods of silence ...
3. Facilitated Diffusion (Assisted diffusion) 4. Diffusion Through Ion
... Involves transport proteins called __ion channels_________ or __channel proteins________ which are usually __specific _____ for one type of ion ions are _charged__________ so… o they’re __insoluble_____ in lipids o they can’t get through the __nonpolar interior ______________ of membrane some ion ch ...
... Involves transport proteins called __ion channels_________ or __channel proteins________ which are usually __specific _____ for one type of ion ions are _charged__________ so… o they’re __insoluble_____ in lipids o they can’t get through the __nonpolar interior ______________ of membrane some ion ch ...
Nervous System
... ranges from -40 to -90; “polarized”) • The inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside – Polarization is established by maintaining an excess of Na+ ions on the outside, and an excess of K+ ions on the inside • Most animal cells have a low concentration of Na+ and a high K+ rela ...
... ranges from -40 to -90; “polarized”) • The inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside – Polarization is established by maintaining an excess of Na+ ions on the outside, and an excess of K+ ions on the inside • Most animal cells have a low concentration of Na+ and a high K+ rela ...
Hearing and Equilibrium Human Ear Major questions Anatomy of
... Sound Sensory Receptors (Fig 16.20d) • Hair cells sit on basilar membrane • Apical surface stereocilia- longest embedded in overlying tectorial membrane • Perilymph vibrating -->basilar membrane--> stereocilia flex back and forth in or against tectorial membrane • Mechanical opening of ion channels ...
... Sound Sensory Receptors (Fig 16.20d) • Hair cells sit on basilar membrane • Apical surface stereocilia- longest embedded in overlying tectorial membrane • Perilymph vibrating -->basilar membrane--> stereocilia flex back and forth in or against tectorial membrane • Mechanical opening of ion channels ...
5-2_NeurotransmRelease_BenseM
... neurons, and that are released from the cells, act via specific receptors, coupled to the membrane of postsynaptic target, structure and modify the electric and metabolic conditions of the affected cells. Main stages of neurotransmitter release: 1. When the action potential comes down the axon and r ...
... neurons, and that are released from the cells, act via specific receptors, coupled to the membrane of postsynaptic target, structure and modify the electric and metabolic conditions of the affected cells. Main stages of neurotransmitter release: 1. When the action potential comes down the axon and r ...
Control and Integration Nervous System Organization: Radial
... – Specific ion channels in subsynaptic membrane open, altering membrane permeability – If depolarizing graded potential is strong enough to reach threshold generates action potential in postsynaptic cell ...
... – Specific ion channels in subsynaptic membrane open, altering membrane permeability – If depolarizing graded potential is strong enough to reach threshold generates action potential in postsynaptic cell ...
For electrical signaling
... (The Nernst equation applies when the channels allow only one type of ion to pass through them) Some channels are not so selective, and in this case the potential E is estimated by the Goldman equation Reversal potentials takes a value intermediate between the equilibrium potentials of the individua ...
... (The Nernst equation applies when the channels allow only one type of ion to pass through them) Some channels are not so selective, and in this case the potential E is estimated by the Goldman equation Reversal potentials takes a value intermediate between the equilibrium potentials of the individua ...
Fundamental Types of Neurons
... • Na+ more concentrated outside of cell (ECF) • K+ more concentrated inside cell (ICF) ...
... • Na+ more concentrated outside of cell (ECF) • K+ more concentrated inside cell (ICF) ...
Nerve Cell Impulses
... membrane pores/gates: in Æ out pores • Na+ (sodium) ions have restricted access • Action potential increases permeability of Na+ • There is selectivity in opening/closing Na+ and K+ gates • Remember: Plasma membrane is semi-permeable to K+ – Physico-chemical ion selectivity channels – (i.e., K+ weak ...
... membrane pores/gates: in Æ out pores • Na+ (sodium) ions have restricted access • Action potential increases permeability of Na+ • There is selectivity in opening/closing Na+ and K+ gates • Remember: Plasma membrane is semi-permeable to K+ – Physico-chemical ion selectivity channels – (i.e., K+ weak ...
13. Electrochemical Impulse
... Electrochemical Impulse It has long been known that electrical impulses are present in living organisms, but it is only within the last century that we have understood how and why neurons transmit electricity These impulses are generated using uneven concentrations of ions inside the neuron compared ...
... Electrochemical Impulse It has long been known that electrical impulses are present in living organisms, but it is only within the last century that we have understood how and why neurons transmit electricity These impulses are generated using uneven concentrations of ions inside the neuron compared ...
Action Potentials are - Winona State University
... An action potential occurs when a depolarization is initiated and propagates itself down the length of a neuron or muscle cell. STEPS? • Step One: Something initiates local depolarization (generator potential) -Damage -Ligand-gated ion channels are often opened by acetylcholine or other neurotransm ...
... An action potential occurs when a depolarization is initiated and propagates itself down the length of a neuron or muscle cell. STEPS? • Step One: Something initiates local depolarization (generator potential) -Damage -Ligand-gated ion channels are often opened by acetylcholine or other neurotransm ...
SBI 4U Homeostasis 2
... • A system that uses ATP in order to keep the electrical potential difference across the membrane. • For every three sodium ions transported out of the cell, two potassium ions are transported into the cell. • An overall positive charge is going to accumulate on the outside of the cell membrane and ...
... • A system that uses ATP in order to keep the electrical potential difference across the membrane. • For every three sodium ions transported out of the cell, two potassium ions are transported into the cell. • An overall positive charge is going to accumulate on the outside of the cell membrane and ...
Sound waves enter through the: Aurical (pinna) To the External
... Vibrates the Endolymph of Cochlear Duct Which Vibrates the Basilar Membrane Moving the hair cells of the Organ of Corti (spiral organ) against the Tectorial Membrane The Stimulated hair cells synapse with sensory neurons in the Spiral Ganglion Sending an action potential along these Travels in the v ...
... Vibrates the Endolymph of Cochlear Duct Which Vibrates the Basilar Membrane Moving the hair cells of the Organ of Corti (spiral organ) against the Tectorial Membrane The Stimulated hair cells synapse with sensory neurons in the Spiral Ganglion Sending an action potential along these Travels in the v ...
Action potentials travel along the axons of neurons.
... However... the concentrations of Na+ and K+ aren’t where they were before the action potential. The concentrations have been reversed! We now have more Na+ in the cell and more K+ outside the cell. The Na/K pump kicks in and restores the original concentrations. Until this occurs the cell is hyperpo ...
... However... the concentrations of Na+ and K+ aren’t where they were before the action potential. The concentrations have been reversed! We now have more Na+ in the cell and more K+ outside the cell. The Na/K pump kicks in and restores the original concentrations. Until this occurs the cell is hyperpo ...
3.E.2 Nervous System - kromko
... scientific theories and models, about how nervous systems detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. [See SP 6.2, 7.1] LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.45 The stud ...
... scientific theories and models, about how nervous systems detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. [See SP 6.2, 7.1] LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.45 The stud ...
Patch clamp
The patch clamp technique is a laboratory technique in electrophysiology that allows the study of single or multiple ion channels in cells. The technique can be applied to a wide variety of cells, but is especially useful in the study of excitable cells such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, muscle fibers, and pancreatic beta cells. It can also be applied to the study of bacterial ion channels in specially prepared giant spheroplasts.The patch clamp technique is a refinement of the voltage clamp. Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann developed the patch clamp in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This discovery made it possible to record the currents of single ion channel molecules for the first time, which improved understanding of the involvement of channels in fundamental cell processes such as action potentials and nerve activity. Neher and Sakmann received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991 for this work.