Stabilizing, directional, and diversifying selection either
... Sometimes natural selection can select for two or more distinct phenotypes that each have their advantages. In these cases, the intermediate phenotypes are often less fit than their extreme counterparts. Known as diversifying or disruptive selection, this is seen in many populations of animals that ...
... Sometimes natural selection can select for two or more distinct phenotypes that each have their advantages. In these cases, the intermediate phenotypes are often less fit than their extreme counterparts. Known as diversifying or disruptive selection, this is seen in many populations of animals that ...
Introduction to Genetics
... Mendel and His Laws From the pea plant experiments, Mendel concluded that • Rule of Unit Factors: Each organism has two factors that control each trait • Rule of Dominance: Recall what happened when a true breeding purple plant was crossed with a true breeding white plant, and the white flower colo ...
... Mendel and His Laws From the pea plant experiments, Mendel concluded that • Rule of Unit Factors: Each organism has two factors that control each trait • Rule of Dominance: Recall what happened when a true breeding purple plant was crossed with a true breeding white plant, and the white flower colo ...
Evolution of quantitative traits in the wild: mind the ecology
... of selection and allowed more small lambs to survive, contributing to a decline in the mean body size in the population over time (Pelletier et al. 2007). This source of change is easily detected when the sex and age of individuals is known, as on St Kilda, but is easily overlooked where there is in ...
... of selection and allowed more small lambs to survive, contributing to a decline in the mean body size in the population over time (Pelletier et al. 2007). This source of change is easily detected when the sex and age of individuals is known, as on St Kilda, but is easily overlooked where there is in ...
Natural infection of Run1-positive vines by naïve genotypes of
... mildew infection of the canes is visible as dead, dark brown tissue. ...
... mildew infection of the canes is visible as dead, dark brown tissue. ...
Geospiza conirostris
... correlations due to pleiotropy or linkage disequilibirum A trait may change as a consequence of direct selection, or as a correlated response to selection on a different trait A trait undergoing selection may fail to change because of a constraint operating through a genetically correlated ...
... correlations due to pleiotropy or linkage disequilibirum A trait may change as a consequence of direct selection, or as a correlated response to selection on a different trait A trait undergoing selection may fail to change because of a constraint operating through a genetically correlated ...
FOREST BGENETICS LECTURE NOTE - The Federal University of
... Simply put, genetics is the study of similarities and differences between parents and their offsprings and between offsprings of the same parents. In other words, genetics is the science dealing with heredity and variation, seeking to discover laws governing similarities and differences in individua ...
... Simply put, genetics is the study of similarities and differences between parents and their offsprings and between offsprings of the same parents. In other words, genetics is the science dealing with heredity and variation, seeking to discover laws governing similarities and differences in individua ...
Selection and Biotechnology: the best of both worlds
... The BLUP-QTL genetic evaluation procedures described in the previous section result in estimates of breeding values for identified QTL and estimates of residual breeding values, which includes the effect of all other genes. An estimate of the total breeding value can then obtained by simply summing ...
... The BLUP-QTL genetic evaluation procedures described in the previous section result in estimates of breeding values for identified QTL and estimates of residual breeding values, which includes the effect of all other genes. An estimate of the total breeding value can then obtained by simply summing ...
Document
... Accumulation of Deleterious mutations in domesticated rice genomes? Lu et al (2006) compared the genomes of Oryza sativa ssp. indica and japonica with their ancestral relative O. rufipogon. The Ka/Ks (ratio of the substitution rate of non-synonymous to synonymous changes) was much higher for indica ...
... Accumulation of Deleterious mutations in domesticated rice genomes? Lu et al (2006) compared the genomes of Oryza sativa ssp. indica and japonica with their ancestral relative O. rufipogon. The Ka/Ks (ratio of the substitution rate of non-synonymous to synonymous changes) was much higher for indica ...
Full-Text PDF
... organic farmers. Both contain similar genes from wild Solanum relatives (species different from Solanum tuberosum). They are both immune to infection, which enables organic farmers to avoid copper fungicides (still allowed in organic agriculture in several countries) and keeps them from harvesting t ...
... organic farmers. Both contain similar genes from wild Solanum relatives (species different from Solanum tuberosum). They are both immune to infection, which enables organic farmers to avoid copper fungicides (still allowed in organic agriculture in several countries) and keeps them from harvesting t ...
Genetic evaluation in the honey bee considering queen and worker
... father, which has to be newly coded and inserted into the pedigree. The advantage of this method is that complete pedigree information is now available for every queen and average worker bee on the paternal side in each generation as well. Since these newly coded fathers do not correspond to a norma ...
... father, which has to be newly coded and inserted into the pedigree. The advantage of this method is that complete pedigree information is now available for every queen and average worker bee on the paternal side in each generation as well. Since these newly coded fathers do not correspond to a norma ...
pdf version - HOST - Journal of History of Science and
... most of them based in the Prussian province of Saxony and its adjoining regions—sought to increase yields by the hereditary improvement of sugar beet, potatoes, and cereals. Within a short period of time, a prosperous seed industry came into being that soon sold its products to farmers all over Germ ...
... most of them based in the Prussian province of Saxony and its adjoining regions—sought to increase yields by the hereditary improvement of sugar beet, potatoes, and cereals. Within a short period of time, a prosperous seed industry came into being that soon sold its products to farmers all over Germ ...
Tetrasomic inheritance in cultivated potato and implications in
... the desirable traits of both parents in the ensuing populations (Mackay, 2005). Mid-parental values may provide good indicators of the likely average value of their progeny and thus serve as a useful means of cross prediction in some instances(Brown and Caligari, 1989).Some breeders choose to cross ...
... the desirable traits of both parents in the ensuing populations (Mackay, 2005). Mid-parental values may provide good indicators of the likely average value of their progeny and thus serve as a useful means of cross prediction in some instances(Brown and Caligari, 1989).Some breeders choose to cross ...
... R. R. Burk, in his Ph.D. thesis (Cambridge, 1965; see also Burk 1364 Neurospora Newsl. 6: 27) reported that single mutant i, though generally cryptic, was unable to use L-proline as sole N-source. I find that wild type grows poorly in liquid N-free Vogel's supplemented with 20 mM L-proline and i doe ...
An effect of the DGAT1 gene polymorphism on breeding
... acids share in milk what may have a negative effect on human health [Schennink et al. 2007]. In addition, it was shown that the K allele has a positive effect on intramuscular fat content of beef in Charolaise and Holstein cattle [Thaller et al. 2003a]. However, Casas et al. [2005] reported no signi ...
... acids share in milk what may have a negative effect on human health [Schennink et al. 2007]. In addition, it was shown that the K allele has a positive effect on intramuscular fat content of beef in Charolaise and Holstein cattle [Thaller et al. 2003a]. However, Casas et al. [2005] reported no signi ...
Activity 1: Breeding Bunnies In this activity, you will examine natural
... 8. Count the F and f alleles (beans) that were placed in each of the "furred rabbit" dishes in the first round and record the number in the chart in the columns labeled "Number of F Alleles" and "Number of f Alleles." (This time you are really counting each bean, but don't count the alleles of the f ...
... 8. Count the F and f alleles (beans) that were placed in each of the "furred rabbit" dishes in the first round and record the number in the chart in the columns labeled "Number of F Alleles" and "Number of f Alleles." (This time you are really counting each bean, but don't count the alleles of the f ...
Animal Breeding/Genetics For
... The missing protein or the new protein may cause a defect or a new genetic trait to appear. Differences we can see or measure between individuals are due to an accumulation of different mutations (old or new) within populations. These mutations are responsible for differences in coat color, size, sh ...
... The missing protein or the new protein may cause a defect or a new genetic trait to appear. Differences we can see or measure between individuals are due to an accumulation of different mutations (old or new) within populations. These mutations are responsible for differences in coat color, size, sh ...
Lecture 7
... selection is the ear-to-row method in which a number of plants are selected on the basis of the phenotype in the first season. They are allowed to open pollinate and the seeds from individual plants are harvested separately. In the second season, progeny rows are grown from each selected plant. The ...
... selection is the ear-to-row method in which a number of plants are selected on the basis of the phenotype in the first season. They are allowed to open pollinate and the seeds from individual plants are harvested separately. In the second season, progeny rows are grown from each selected plant. The ...
Galloway Breed Structure, Colors and Patterns
... The Galloway breed is an interesting and unique breed, but that could be said about nearly all breeds of livestock throughout the world. What makes the Galloway stand out from these is not only its unique character as a rugged, polled, long haired, well adapted beef breed, but also its history and c ...
... The Galloway breed is an interesting and unique breed, but that could be said about nearly all breeds of livestock throughout the world. What makes the Galloway stand out from these is not only its unique character as a rugged, polled, long haired, well adapted beef breed, but also its history and c ...
CRS 7210 QUANTITATIVE GENETIC THEORY
... 4. COURSE STRUCTURE 3 Credit units: 30 lecture hours (2 contact hour per week for 15 study weeks) and 30 Tutorial/Exercises (equivalent 1 contact hour per week for 15 study weeks) 5. COURSE DESCRIPTION: Students with will be equipped with techniques to plan and design breeding experiments by providi ...
... 4. COURSE STRUCTURE 3 Credit units: 30 lecture hours (2 contact hour per week for 15 study weeks) and 30 Tutorial/Exercises (equivalent 1 contact hour per week for 15 study weeks) 5. COURSE DESCRIPTION: Students with will be equipped with techniques to plan and design breeding experiments by providi ...
Variation Causes of Variation
... increases as the amount of inbreeding increases especially if there is directional selection. Parents homozygote for many pairs of genes will have more offspring that are more alike genetically than parents that are heterozygous for several of genes. In fact genetic variability within a species is a ...
... increases as the amount of inbreeding increases especially if there is directional selection. Parents homozygote for many pairs of genes will have more offspring that are more alike genetically than parents that are heterozygous for several of genes. In fact genetic variability within a species is a ...
Genetic Inheritance Patterns
... and the bb individuals will be a different color depending on the parents (white, for example). The next form of inheritance to be discussed is polygenic inheritance. When the expression of a trait depends upon the influence of several different genes it is considered to be “polygenic.” For example, ...
... and the bb individuals will be a different color depending on the parents (white, for example). The next form of inheritance to be discussed is polygenic inheritance. When the expression of a trait depends upon the influence of several different genes it is considered to be “polygenic.” For example, ...
Challenges of integrating conventional breeding and biotechnology
... selection of observed phenotypes and statistical analysis of observational plot data, rather than for the specific, desirable underlying genetic factors, the genes known to improve those traits. Thus, it has been a subjective exercise, based on the experience and subjective skill of a plant breeder ...
... selection of observed phenotypes and statistical analysis of observational plot data, rather than for the specific, desirable underlying genetic factors, the genes known to improve those traits. Thus, it has been a subjective exercise, based on the experience and subjective skill of a plant breeder ...
selection
... – Organizations have sufficient resources to make multiple bets but struggle to act with multiple minds • Does size matter? (Posen, Martignoni, Levinthal, 2012) • Iron law of hierarchy (Michels, 1911) ...
... – Organizations have sufficient resources to make multiple bets but struggle to act with multiple minds • Does size matter? (Posen, Martignoni, Levinthal, 2012) • Iron law of hierarchy (Michels, 1911) ...
lecture 8
... Frequency dependent vs non-frequency dependent selection Does the fitness of a phenotype depend on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in the population? If it does then the selection surface is like a water bed – other individuals affect the fitness optima. ...
... Frequency dependent vs non-frequency dependent selection Does the fitness of a phenotype depend on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in the population? If it does then the selection surface is like a water bed – other individuals affect the fitness optima. ...
Selective breeding
Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together. Domesticated animals are known as breeds, normally bred by a professional breeder, while plants are known as varieties, cultigens, or cultivars in plants. Two purebred animals of different breeds produce a crossbreed, and crossbred plants are called hybrids.There are two approaches or types of artificial selection, or selective breeding. First is the traditional ""breeder’s approach"" in which the breeder or experimenter applies ""a known amount of selection to a single phenotypic trait"" by examining the chosen trait and choosing to breed only those that exhibit higher or ""extreme values"" of that trait. The second is called ""controlled natural selection,"" which is essentially natural selection in a controlled environment. In this, the breeder does not choose which individuals being tested ""survive or reproduce,"" as he or she could in the traditional approach. There are also ""selection experiments,"" which is a third approach and these are conducted in order to determine the ""strength of natural selection in the wild."" However, this is more often an observational approach as opposed to an experimental approach. In animal breeding, techniques such as inbreeding, linebreeding, and outcrossing are utilized. In plant breeding, similar methods are used. Charles Darwin discussed how selective breeding had been successful in producing change over time in his book, On the Origin of Species. The first chapter of the book discusses selective breeding and domestication of such animals as pigeons, cats, cattle, and dogs. Selective breeding was used by Darwin as a springboard to introduce the theory of natural selection, and to support it.The deliberate exploitation of selective breeding to produce desired results has become very common in agriculture and experimental biology.Selective breeding can be unintentional, e.g., resulting from the process of human cultivation; and it may also produce unintended – desirable or undesirable – results. For example, in some grains, an increase in seed size may have resulted from certain ploughing practices rather than from the intentional selection of larger seeds. Most likely, there has been an interdependence between natural and artificial factors that have resulted in plant domestication.