Central projections of auditory receptor neurons of crickets
... corresponding to ⬃20 m. There is no significant relationship along the A-P axis (Fig. 4B; n ⫽ 29, r2 ⫽ 0.054, P ⫽ 0.225). Nor is there a significant relationship between CF and M-L position within any of the three receptor populations (low-frequency receptors, n ⫽ 14, r2 ⫽ 0.06, P ⫽ 0.4; mid-frequenc ...
... corresponding to ⬃20 m. There is no significant relationship along the A-P axis (Fig. 4B; n ⫽ 29, r2 ⫽ 0.054, P ⫽ 0.225). Nor is there a significant relationship between CF and M-L position within any of the three receptor populations (low-frequency receptors, n ⫽ 14, r2 ⫽ 0.06, P ⫽ 0.4; mid-frequenc ...
Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction
... Consequently, in order to cross the tiny intercellular gap that separates one cell from the next, the information takes the form of a chemical signal. The specialized chemicals that carry the signals across the intercellular gaps, or synapses, are, thus, called neurotransmitters. ...
... Consequently, in order to cross the tiny intercellular gap that separates one cell from the next, the information takes the form of a chemical signal. The specialized chemicals that carry the signals across the intercellular gaps, or synapses, are, thus, called neurotransmitters. ...
The importance of Wnt signalling for neurodegeneration in
... polyposis coli) are depicted. In consequence, the GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation and repression of β-catenin (β-cat) is relieved, leading to the accumulation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Within the nucleus, β-catenin binds to TCF/LEF family transcription factors, thereby regulating gene e ...
... polyposis coli) are depicted. In consequence, the GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation and repression of β-catenin (β-cat) is relieved, leading to the accumulation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Within the nucleus, β-catenin binds to TCF/LEF family transcription factors, thereby regulating gene e ...
Excitation of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopaminergic and
... This work was supported by a grant from the Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University (R.E.B). We thank Dr. Robert McCarley, Dr. Mahesh Thakkar, and Dr. Radhika Basheer for helpful comments on this manuscript and Claudia Wittrock and Annette Scherer for excellent technical assistance. Corresp ...
... This work was supported by a grant from the Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University (R.E.B). We thank Dr. Robert McCarley, Dr. Mahesh Thakkar, and Dr. Radhika Basheer for helpful comments on this manuscript and Claudia Wittrock and Annette Scherer for excellent technical assistance. Corresp ...
Transverse mechanical properties of rat skeletal muscle
... The 30% level as a break point confirm our previous discrete results obtained for 5%, 10%, 20% et 50% of compression (4). These results were interpreted according to the muscle functional alterations as osmotic balance (Ramp1 as preconditionning ramp) and as global muscle shortening but also alterat ...
... The 30% level as a break point confirm our previous discrete results obtained for 5%, 10%, 20% et 50% of compression (4). These results were interpreted according to the muscle functional alterations as osmotic balance (Ramp1 as preconditionning ramp) and as global muscle shortening but also alterat ...
Kandel ch. 42 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... because they wrap around the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of Purkinje neurons like a vine on a tree, making numerous synaptic contacts. Individual Purkinje neurons receive synaptic input from only a single climbing fiber, whereas each climbing fiber contacts 1-10 Purkinje neurons. The terminal ...
... because they wrap around the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of Purkinje neurons like a vine on a tree, making numerous synaptic contacts. Individual Purkinje neurons receive synaptic input from only a single climbing fiber, whereas each climbing fiber contacts 1-10 Purkinje neurons. The terminal ...
Artificial Neuron Network Implementation of Boolean Logic Gates by
... problems that can't easily be quantified into an algorithm; however these tasks are insignificant to humans. The key to Artificial Neural Networks is that their design enables them to process information in a similar way to our own biological brains, by drawing inspiration from how our own nervous s ...
... problems that can't easily be quantified into an algorithm; however these tasks are insignificant to humans. The key to Artificial Neural Networks is that their design enables them to process information in a similar way to our own biological brains, by drawing inspiration from how our own nervous s ...
PDF
... mostly normal innervation. Proximal reversal of one axis can therefore result in normal innervation and this demonstrates that outgrowing axons can selectively innervate their targets in the limb. ...
... mostly normal innervation. Proximal reversal of one axis can therefore result in normal innervation and this demonstrates that outgrowing axons can selectively innervate their targets in the limb. ...
GLIA: LISTENING AND TALKING TO THE SYNAPSE
... induce Ca2+ elevations in others22. The extracellular message involved in wave propagation is likely to be ATP. Addition of pharmacological agents that either degrade ATP or block purine receptors reduces or abolishes inter-astrocytic Ca2+ waves22,23. Expression of the metabotropic ATP receptor subt ...
... induce Ca2+ elevations in others22. The extracellular message involved in wave propagation is likely to be ATP. Addition of pharmacological agents that either degrade ATP or block purine receptors reduces or abolishes inter-astrocytic Ca2+ waves22,23. Expression of the metabotropic ATP receptor subt ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
Bayesian Spiking Neurons II: Learning
... In the companion letter in this issue (“Bayesian Spiking Neurons I: Inference”), we showed that the dynamics of spiking neurons can be interpreted as a form of Bayesian integration, accumulating evidence over time about events in the external world or the body. We proceed to develop a theory of Baye ...
... In the companion letter in this issue (“Bayesian Spiking Neurons I: Inference”), we showed that the dynamics of spiking neurons can be interpreted as a form of Bayesian integration, accumulating evidence over time about events in the external world or the body. We proceed to develop a theory of Baye ...
Introduction to Neuroglia
... Control of extracellular ion homeostasis (Nematodes) Isolation/separation of nervous circuits Compartmentalisation of the nervous system (Annelida) Increase of axonal conduction velocity through formation of multilayered glial sheath around axons (Annelida and some Arthropoda – prawns) Formation of ...
... Control of extracellular ion homeostasis (Nematodes) Isolation/separation of nervous circuits Compartmentalisation of the nervous system (Annelida) Increase of axonal conduction velocity through formation of multilayered glial sheath around axons (Annelida and some Arthropoda – prawns) Formation of ...
Chapter 12
... Function of Cerebellum Error Control Device - Monitor, Quality Control – Monitors outputs to muscles from motor cortex and sensory signals from receptors – Compares the efferent project plan with execution at motor action site – Considers related factors and makes adjustments ...
... Function of Cerebellum Error Control Device - Monitor, Quality Control – Monitors outputs to muscles from motor cortex and sensory signals from receptors – Compares the efferent project plan with execution at motor action site – Considers related factors and makes adjustments ...
Serotonin synaptic receptors in the mammalian central
... tonic firing rates of raphe cells are decreased potently and reversibly by iontophoretic application of 5-HT or d-LSD but are not altered appreciably by 2-bromo-LSD, a psychedelically inactive LSD analogue (2, 14). Forebrain neurons that received anatomically and physiologically defined 5HT input fr ...
... tonic firing rates of raphe cells are decreased potently and reversibly by iontophoretic application of 5-HT or d-LSD but are not altered appreciably by 2-bromo-LSD, a psychedelically inactive LSD analogue (2, 14). Forebrain neurons that received anatomically and physiologically defined 5HT input fr ...
A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal
... subset of retinal neurons, called direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), are specialized for detecting motion along specific axes of the visual field1. Despite extensive study of the retinal circuitry that endows DSGCs with their unique tuning properties2,3, their downstream circuitry in the br ...
... subset of retinal neurons, called direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), are specialized for detecting motion along specific axes of the visual field1. Despite extensive study of the retinal circuitry that endows DSGCs with their unique tuning properties2,3, their downstream circuitry in the br ...
Background Paper 3 - Yale School of Medicine
... substantial synapse loss in area 46, particularly in layers 1 (30–60%) and 3 (30–35%) (16,17), suggesting that a potential loss of neuropil rather than actual neuron loss may be responsible for apparent shrinkage of area 46. However, not all synapses are equally vulnerable; glutamatergic axospinous ...
... substantial synapse loss in area 46, particularly in layers 1 (30–60%) and 3 (30–35%) (16,17), suggesting that a potential loss of neuropil rather than actual neuron loss may be responsible for apparent shrinkage of area 46. However, not all synapses are equally vulnerable; glutamatergic axospinous ...
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... ABstrAct Sympathetic neurons taken from rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in culture acquire cholinergic function under certain conditions. These cholinergic sympathetic neurons, however, retain a number of adrenergic properties, including the enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrin ...
... ABstrAct Sympathetic neurons taken from rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in culture acquire cholinergic function under certain conditions. These cholinergic sympathetic neurons, however, retain a number of adrenergic properties, including the enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrin ...
Peripheral Nervous System 1: The Somatic System
... 3. Function 1: sensory vs. motor 4. Function 2: somatic vs. visceral ...
... 3. Function 1: sensory vs. motor 4. Function 2: somatic vs. visceral ...
Peripheral Nervous System 1: The Somatic System
... 3. Function 1: sensory vs. motor 4. Function 2: somatic vs. visceral ...
... 3. Function 1: sensory vs. motor 4. Function 2: somatic vs. visceral ...
nerve - Ohio University
... 3. Function 1: sensory vs. motor 4. Function 2: somatic vs. visceral ...
... 3. Function 1: sensory vs. motor 4. Function 2: somatic vs. visceral ...
Peripheral Nervous System 1: The Somatic System
... 3. Function 1: sensory vs. motor 4. Function 2: somatic vs. visceral ...
... 3. Function 1: sensory vs. motor 4. Function 2: somatic vs. visceral ...
tractus corticomuscularis
... were formed in course of phylogenesis They are based on certain anatomic structures (segments of spinal cord or brain stem) They exist even without brain cortex influence They are inherited They can be regulated by brain cortex They are basis for the conditioned reflexes ...
... were formed in course of phylogenesis They are based on certain anatomic structures (segments of spinal cord or brain stem) They exist even without brain cortex influence They are inherited They can be regulated by brain cortex They are basis for the conditioned reflexes ...
Membrane Domains and Membrane Potential
... All cells have a potential difference across their plasma membrane. The potential or chemical charge inside of the cell is different to that of the solution outside of the cell. This potential difference is referred to as the membrane potential. • All cell membranes produce electrical signals by io ...
... All cells have a potential difference across their plasma membrane. The potential or chemical charge inside of the cell is different to that of the solution outside of the cell. This potential difference is referred to as the membrane potential. • All cell membranes produce electrical signals by io ...