Common Input to Motor Neurons Innervating the Same and Different
... Cheney 1980). Although little is known about the projection frequency of spinal interneurons, one estimate suggests that collaterals from individual Ia inhibitory interneurons may terminate in multiple motor nuclei and contact ⱕ20% of the motor neurons within these nuclei (Jankowska 1992). These obs ...
... Cheney 1980). Although little is known about the projection frequency of spinal interneurons, one estimate suggests that collaterals from individual Ia inhibitory interneurons may terminate in multiple motor nuclei and contact ⱕ20% of the motor neurons within these nuclei (Jankowska 1992). These obs ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... Although these approaches have proven quite informative, it is yet unclear how relevant these studies are to the functioning of the nervous system in vivo. Glial alterations leading to obvious organismal consequences have been described. Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Dejerine‐S ...
... Although these approaches have proven quite informative, it is yet unclear how relevant these studies are to the functioning of the nervous system in vivo. Glial alterations leading to obvious organismal consequences have been described. Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Dejerine‐S ...
Reconstruction of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the adult
... Structure and placement of intranigral grafts At killing (6 and 16 weeks after transplantation) the grafts appeared as well-demarcated round or oval cell clusters located within, or immediately adjacent to, the SN, identifiable by their content of GFP+ neurons (Figs 1a, 2g and 3a). In the animals not ...
... Structure and placement of intranigral grafts At killing (6 and 16 weeks after transplantation) the grafts appeared as well-demarcated round or oval cell clusters located within, or immediately adjacent to, the SN, identifiable by their content of GFP+ neurons (Figs 1a, 2g and 3a). In the animals not ...
Sleep-wake cycles: EEG
... hybridization aimed at identifying mRNA’s species that are expressed only in discrete nuclei within the hypothalamus – New hypothalamic mRNA (hypocretin 1 and 2) found by in-situ hybridization to occur in the lateral hypothalamus • Sakurai et al. (1998) transfected cell lines that stably express eac ...
... hybridization aimed at identifying mRNA’s species that are expressed only in discrete nuclei within the hypothalamus – New hypothalamic mRNA (hypocretin 1 and 2) found by in-situ hybridization to occur in the lateral hypothalamus • Sakurai et al. (1998) transfected cell lines that stably express eac ...
asgn2d -- CEREBRAL CORTEX:
... "faculty" (~ trait, ability). If a faculty was strong, its brain area swelled up. Figure 2-2d shows a typical phrenological map of the head. The pictures represent the different mental and behavioral traits associated with the location of bulges on the skull. Phrenology made a fundamental contributi ...
... "faculty" (~ trait, ability). If a faculty was strong, its brain area swelled up. Figure 2-2d shows a typical phrenological map of the head. The pictures represent the different mental and behavioral traits associated with the location of bulges on the skull. Phrenology made a fundamental contributi ...
Dense Core Vesicle Release: Controlling the Where as
... a very rapid endocytosis and destruction of DCV transmembrane proteins from the plasma membrane after DCV fusion. The question then became, why was DCV release increased in the CaMKII mutants? As very few DCVs were exiting the soma, the release must have been happening within the soma. The DCVs are ...
... a very rapid endocytosis and destruction of DCV transmembrane proteins from the plasma membrane after DCV fusion. The question then became, why was DCV release increased in the CaMKII mutants? As very few DCVs were exiting the soma, the release must have been happening within the soma. The DCVs are ...
Noradrenergic Suppression of Synaptic Transmission May Influence Cortical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
... 1995), and amphetamines can decrease the encoding impairment caused by acetylcholine receptor blockade (Mewaldt and Ghonheim 1979). Studies on the primary visual cortex of cats suggests that both modulators are necessary for formation of ocular dominance columns during the critical period of visuoco ...
... 1995), and amphetamines can decrease the encoding impairment caused by acetylcholine receptor blockade (Mewaldt and Ghonheim 1979). Studies on the primary visual cortex of cats suggests that both modulators are necessary for formation of ocular dominance columns during the critical period of visuoco ...
Guzowski et al - Psychology and Neuroscience
... cell population upon sequential visits to the same environment, and second, Arc RNA expression was induced in two overlapping pyramidal cell subsets upon sequential visits to two different environments. Although the factors that cause a given pyramidal cell to fire in a particular location are compl ...
... cell population upon sequential visits to the same environment, and second, Arc RNA expression was induced in two overlapping pyramidal cell subsets upon sequential visits to two different environments. Although the factors that cause a given pyramidal cell to fire in a particular location are compl ...
SHORT COMMUNICATION Localization of a vocal pattern generator
... Introduction Monkey calls can be considered as homologous to non-verbal emotional vocal utterances of humans, like laughing, crying or moaning. Accordingly, they have been used as models to study the neurobiological processes underlying emotional vocal communication (Jürgens, 1986). While the muscl ...
... Introduction Monkey calls can be considered as homologous to non-verbal emotional vocal utterances of humans, like laughing, crying or moaning. Accordingly, they have been used as models to study the neurobiological processes underlying emotional vocal communication (Jürgens, 1986). While the muscl ...
Genetic Diversity of Principal Neurons in the Hippocampus
... produced stable expression patterns restricted to subgroups of neurons in the adult10. In „sparse“ Thy1 lines, high-level transgene expression in few neurons within several neuronal populations has been widely exploited to trace and image neuronal processes and their synaptic connections at high res ...
... produced stable expression patterns restricted to subgroups of neurons in the adult10. In „sparse“ Thy1 lines, high-level transgene expression in few neurons within several neuronal populations has been widely exploited to trace and image neuronal processes and their synaptic connections at high res ...
The Features and Functions of Neuronal Assemblies: Possible
... FIGURE 1 | Dynamics of assemblies evoked in direct and remote activation. (A) Fluorescence time-series from a representative experiment where a 30 V electrical pulse (0.1 ms in duration) was delivered to Layer II/III of agranular insular cortex (AIC, part of prefrontal cortex – PFC), focusing on pea ...
... FIGURE 1 | Dynamics of assemblies evoked in direct and remote activation. (A) Fluorescence time-series from a representative experiment where a 30 V electrical pulse (0.1 ms in duration) was delivered to Layer II/III of agranular insular cortex (AIC, part of prefrontal cortex – PFC), focusing on pea ...
Neurons in the corpus callosum of the cat during postnatal
... neuronal types. The quanti®cation was corrected for double counting of adjacent sections and volume changes during CC development. Our data show that CC neurons are numerous early postnatally, and their number decreases with age. At birth, about 570 neurons are found within the CC boundaries and the ...
... neuronal types. The quanti®cation was corrected for double counting of adjacent sections and volume changes during CC development. Our data show that CC neurons are numerous early postnatally, and their number decreases with age. At birth, about 570 neurons are found within the CC boundaries and the ...
hanPNAS11
... L6 neurons, a small number of neurons near the L5/L6 border of the cingulate cortex express Golli-Gfp and project axons to the brainstem (15). Therefore, the presence of exuberant Golli-Gfp axons in the Tbr1−/− brainstem does not unequivocally indicate that the axons originated from L6 neurons. Thus ...
... L6 neurons, a small number of neurons near the L5/L6 border of the cingulate cortex express Golli-Gfp and project axons to the brainstem (15). Therefore, the presence of exuberant Golli-Gfp axons in the Tbr1−/− brainstem does not unequivocally indicate that the axons originated from L6 neurons. Thus ...
Comparison of nerve cord development
... precursor gene in the last common ancestor of these groups. Here, we compare homologous genes involved in neural specification, the majority of which encode transcription factors with temporally and spatially restricted patterns of expression (cf. classifications of Guillemot and Joyner, 1993; Fedts ...
... precursor gene in the last common ancestor of these groups. Here, we compare homologous genes involved in neural specification, the majority of which encode transcription factors with temporally and spatially restricted patterns of expression (cf. classifications of Guillemot and Joyner, 1993; Fedts ...
Channels active in the excitability of nerves and skeletal muscles
... Primer on Neuronal Action Potentials As described in numerous physiology textbooks (4), the resting membrane potential of mammalian neurons is about ⫺70 mV. When an input signal occurs, mechanically, chemically, or voltage-gated channels (usually Na⫹, Cl⫺, or Ca2⫹) open to lead to a graded potential ...
... Primer on Neuronal Action Potentials As described in numerous physiology textbooks (4), the resting membrane potential of mammalian neurons is about ⫺70 mV. When an input signal occurs, mechanically, chemically, or voltage-gated channels (usually Na⫹, Cl⫺, or Ca2⫹) open to lead to a graded potential ...
Direct cortical control of muscle activation in voluntary arm movements
... evoke movement a century ago, the debate about the ‘level’ of movement control exerted by primary motor cortex (MI) continued1. Its crucial role in the production of all voluntary arm movements is evidenced by the almost complete paralysis following MI lesions2. Studies in awake behaving monkeys see ...
... evoke movement a century ago, the debate about the ‘level’ of movement control exerted by primary motor cortex (MI) continued1. Its crucial role in the production of all voluntary arm movements is evidenced by the almost complete paralysis following MI lesions2. Studies in awake behaving monkeys see ...
Inan et al., 2006
... the development and plasticity of thalamocortical afferent clustering into a barrel pattern. We localize PKARII function to postsynaptic processes in barrel cortex and show that postsynaptic PKA targets, but not presynaptic PKA targets, have decreased phosphorylation in pkar2b knock-out (PKARII⫺/⫺ ...
... the development and plasticity of thalamocortical afferent clustering into a barrel pattern. We localize PKARII function to postsynaptic processes in barrel cortex and show that postsynaptic PKA targets, but not presynaptic PKA targets, have decreased phosphorylation in pkar2b knock-out (PKARII⫺/⫺ ...
Channels active in the excitability of nerves and skeletal muscles
... physiological function of excitable cells such as nerve, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. Mutations in genes that encode ion channels have been identified to cause various diseases and disorders known as channelopathies. An understanding of how individual ion channels are involved in the ...
... physiological function of excitable cells such as nerve, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. Mutations in genes that encode ion channels have been identified to cause various diseases and disorders known as channelopathies. An understanding of how individual ion channels are involved in the ...
The neuronal structure of the substantia nigra in the guinea pig
... than have been reported in the adult [23,34]. Schwyn and Fox [34] as well as Phelps and Adinolfi [33] came to the conclusion that most of these spines observed in the SN newborn infant disappear during the early stages of development. A significant loss of dendritic spines and dendrites was also obs ...
... than have been reported in the adult [23,34]. Schwyn and Fox [34] as well as Phelps and Adinolfi [33] came to the conclusion that most of these spines observed in the SN newborn infant disappear during the early stages of development. A significant loss of dendritic spines and dendrites was also obs ...
The Neurons that Control Axial Movements in a Frog Embryo1
... The simplest hypothesis to explain this evidence suggests that three types of spinal would be for the central synapses of the neuron control at least the flexure and trigeminal sensory cells involved to release swimming responses (see also Roberts et al., an inhibitory transmitter (Roberts, 1980). 1 ...
... The simplest hypothesis to explain this evidence suggests that three types of spinal would be for the central synapses of the neuron control at least the flexure and trigeminal sensory cells involved to release swimming responses (see also Roberts et al., an inhibitory transmitter (Roberts, 1980). 1 ...
Reticular Formation
... of the CNS that occupies the central core of the brainstem, surrounding principal sensory & motor nuclei and tracts. It coordinates involuntary functions essential to life: states of consciousness (sleep & wakefulness, including EEG changes, and associated muscle atonia and eye movements), ...
... of the CNS that occupies the central core of the brainstem, surrounding principal sensory & motor nuclei and tracts. It coordinates involuntary functions essential to life: states of consciousness (sleep & wakefulness, including EEG changes, and associated muscle atonia and eye movements), ...
Optical recording of electrical activity in intact neuronal networks
... neuroscience is how simple processes in neurons can generate cognitive functions and form complex memories like those experienced by humans and animals. In principle, if one were able to record from all the neurons in a network involved in a given behavior, it would be possible to reconstruct the r ...
... neuroscience is how simple processes in neurons can generate cognitive functions and form complex memories like those experienced by humans and animals. In principle, if one were able to record from all the neurons in a network involved in a given behavior, it would be possible to reconstruct the r ...
Specific Projection of the Sensory Crypt Cells in
... mitral cells whose axons make up the lMOT. This finding is in accordance with our previous studies showing that microvillous ORNs project to the lateral olfactory tract, which mediates feeding behavior, and that ciliated ORNs project to the medial bundle of the medial olfactory tract mediating alarm ...
... mitral cells whose axons make up the lMOT. This finding is in accordance with our previous studies showing that microvillous ORNs project to the lateral olfactory tract, which mediates feeding behavior, and that ciliated ORNs project to the medial bundle of the medial olfactory tract mediating alarm ...
MARMORATAl - Journal of Neuroscience
... neurons (10 to 20) in each SG, of which two pairs are the pressure mechanosensors (P cells). The first structures in the embryonic CNS that are labeled by Lan3-5 are the ganglionic roots. Little labeling is detected in 6 to ‘I-day embryos (Fig. 2, a and b), even in anterior segments. At later stages ...
... neurons (10 to 20) in each SG, of which two pairs are the pressure mechanosensors (P cells). The first structures in the embryonic CNS that are labeled by Lan3-5 are the ganglionic roots. Little labeling is detected in 6 to ‘I-day embryos (Fig. 2, a and b), even in anterior segments. At later stages ...
Cognon Neural Model Software Verification and
... intelligently act on their data. The company was founded by Jeff Hawkins, who previously founded the Redwood Neuroscience Institute, a scientific institute focused on understanding how the neocortex processes information. In 2004 he wrote the book On Intelligence [12], which describes the progress o ...
... intelligently act on their data. The company was founded by Jeff Hawkins, who previously founded the Redwood Neuroscience Institute, a scientific institute focused on understanding how the neocortex processes information. In 2004 he wrote the book On Intelligence [12], which describes the progress o ...