Different roles for KIF17 and kinesin II in photoreceptor development
... Fig. 1. KIF17 and kinesin II localization and co-immunoprecipitation. A–C: Immuno-electron microscopy (EM) localization of the KAP3 subunit of kinesin II in mouse rod photoreceptor cells. A: Longitudinal section through the connecting cilium and parts of the outer segment (OS). B: Cross-section thro ...
... Fig. 1. KIF17 and kinesin II localization and co-immunoprecipitation. A–C: Immuno-electron microscopy (EM) localization of the KAP3 subunit of kinesin II in mouse rod photoreceptor cells. A: Longitudinal section through the connecting cilium and parts of the outer segment (OS). B: Cross-section thro ...
The Rat Ventromedial Thalamic Nucleus and Motor Control: Role of
... substantia nigra. In addition, the superior colliculus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, and the reticular thalamic nucleus contribute to the afferent input to the VM (Beckstead et al., 1979; Carter and Fibiger, 1978; Haroian et al., 198 1; Herkenham, 1979; Jones, 1975). In contrast to the pri ...
... substantia nigra. In addition, the superior colliculus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, and the reticular thalamic nucleus contribute to the afferent input to the VM (Beckstead et al., 1979; Carter and Fibiger, 1978; Haroian et al., 198 1; Herkenham, 1979; Jones, 1975). In contrast to the pri ...
Recruitment properties of intramuscular and nerve
... resolution and reliability approaching that of natural neural control. Unfortunately, electrical stimulation of motor axons tends to result in a recruitment order opposite to that obtained by synaptic inputs [1], [2]. Normally, the smaller motoneurons innervating small numbers of slow, fatigue-resis ...
... resolution and reliability approaching that of natural neural control. Unfortunately, electrical stimulation of motor axons tends to result in a recruitment order opposite to that obtained by synaptic inputs [1], [2]. Normally, the smaller motoneurons innervating small numbers of slow, fatigue-resis ...
Amelioration of Delayed Neuronal Death in the Hippocampus by
... and 2, eventhoughthe cell somawas still present.After 1 week,all the pyramidal cellstogetherwith dendrites disappeared without NGF treatment. Treatment with NGF preventedthe early destructionof dendritic structures. ...
... and 2, eventhoughthe cell somawas still present.After 1 week,all the pyramidal cellstogetherwith dendrites disappeared without NGF treatment. Treatment with NGF preventedthe early destructionof dendritic structures. ...
Transcription Factor Expression and Notch
... age and weighing 180 –220 gm) were used in all experiments. Adult rats were killed with diethyl ether, and the dorsal part of the spinal cord was exposed by laminectomy. The segments between the fourth thoracic (T4) and sacral levels were removed as a columnar tissue block, and the medial and latera ...
... age and weighing 180 –220 gm) were used in all experiments. Adult rats were killed with diethyl ether, and the dorsal part of the spinal cord was exposed by laminectomy. The segments between the fourth thoracic (T4) and sacral levels were removed as a columnar tissue block, and the medial and latera ...
D2 receptor overexpression in the striatum leads to a deficit in
... (D2Rs) in the striatum and another is a decrease in the GABAergic function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Whether these two defects are functionally linked is not known. We previously reported that selective overexpression of D2Rs in the striatum of the mouse causes behavioral abnormality associate ...
... (D2Rs) in the striatum and another is a decrease in the GABAergic function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Whether these two defects are functionally linked is not known. We previously reported that selective overexpression of D2Rs in the striatum of the mouse causes behavioral abnormality associate ...
Impact of a deletion of the full-length and short isoform of
... Analyses of mice carrying a deletion of the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75NTR have allowed identifying p75NTR as an important structural regulator of the hippocampus. Most of the previous analyses were done using p75NTRExIII knockout mice which still express the short isoform of p75NTR. To scrutinize ...
... Analyses of mice carrying a deletion of the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75NTR have allowed identifying p75NTR as an important structural regulator of the hippocampus. Most of the previous analyses were done using p75NTRExIII knockout mice which still express the short isoform of p75NTR. To scrutinize ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... Sherff, Carolyn M. and Brian Mulloney. Passive properties of swimmeret motor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 92–102, 1997. Four different functional types of motor neurons innervate each swimmeret: return-stroke excitors (RSEs), power-stroke excitors (PSEs), return-stroke inhibitors (RSIs), and power- ...
... Sherff, Carolyn M. and Brian Mulloney. Passive properties of swimmeret motor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 92–102, 1997. Four different functional types of motor neurons innervate each swimmeret: return-stroke excitors (RSEs), power-stroke excitors (PSEs), return-stroke inhibitors (RSIs), and power- ...
Neuromodulation of in Layer II Medial Entorhinal Cortex I
... with isoflurane (Abbott Laboratories) and decapitated. The brain was rapidly removed and placed in oxygenated 4°C ACSF with the following concentrations (in mM): 125 NaCl, 2.0 CaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 NaHCO3, 25 D-glucose, and 1.0 MgCl2. The brain was then blocked and glued to a platform and ...
... with isoflurane (Abbott Laboratories) and decapitated. The brain was rapidly removed and placed in oxygenated 4°C ACSF with the following concentrations (in mM): 125 NaCl, 2.0 CaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 NaHCO3, 25 D-glucose, and 1.0 MgCl2. The brain was then blocked and glued to a platform and ...
Invulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to NMDA excitotoxicity
... receptors. These receptors are encoded by at least six gene families: a single family for AMPA receptors (GluR1, 2, 3, 4), two for kainate (GluR5, 6, 7 and KA1, 2), and three for NMDA (NR1, NR2A, B, C, D, and NR3A, B) (Dingledine et al., 1999). These subunits combine into multimeric complexes to for ...
... receptors. These receptors are encoded by at least six gene families: a single family for AMPA receptors (GluR1, 2, 3, 4), two for kainate (GluR5, 6, 7 and KA1, 2), and three for NMDA (NR1, NR2A, B, C, D, and NR3A, B) (Dingledine et al., 1999). These subunits combine into multimeric complexes to for ...
Benzisoxazole derivatives as Atypical Antipsychotic drugs: A Review
... 5HT2A receptors are localised in hippocampal and cortical pyramidal cells which is gives a strong evidence of involvement of serotonin receptors in antipsychotic effects. However highest density of 5HT2A at the fifth neocortex layer which is region main of neurotransmission [43, 44]. 5HT2A receptor ...
... 5HT2A receptors are localised in hippocampal and cortical pyramidal cells which is gives a strong evidence of involvement of serotonin receptors in antipsychotic effects. However highest density of 5HT2A at the fifth neocortex layer which is region main of neurotransmission [43, 44]. 5HT2A receptor ...
GABA - International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences
... The inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), activates a variety of receptors in all areas of the central nervous system (CNS). GABA acts at inhibitory synapses in the brain by binding to specific transmembrane receptors in the plasma membrane of both pre and postsynaptic neuronal pr ...
... The inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), activates a variety of receptors in all areas of the central nervous system (CNS). GABA acts at inhibitory synapses in the brain by binding to specific transmembrane receptors in the plasma membrane of both pre and postsynaptic neuronal pr ...
1 Spiking Neurons
... time window is set by the experimenter and depends on the type of neuron recorded from and the stimulus. In practice, to get sensible averages, several spikes should occur within the time window. Values of T = 100 ms or T = 500 ms are typical, but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This def ...
... time window is set by the experimenter and depends on the type of neuron recorded from and the stimulus. In practice, to get sensible averages, several spikes should occur within the time window. Values of T = 100 ms or T = 500 ms are typical, but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This def ...
Early Neuronal Loss and Axonal/Presynaptic Damage is Associated
... INTRODUCTION The progressive cognitive decline that ultimately leads to dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is consequence of a severe loss of synapses and neurons that selectively affects particular cell subpopulations in brain areas critical for learning and memory [1–6]. Although transgenic mice ...
... INTRODUCTION The progressive cognitive decline that ultimately leads to dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is consequence of a severe loss of synapses and neurons that selectively affects particular cell subpopulations in brain areas critical for learning and memory [1–6]. Although transgenic mice ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... growth and interferes with hippocampal dendrite/axonal specification (Zhou et al., 2004; Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005). In addition, globally inhibiting GSK-3 activity with well-studied pharmacological blockers has been shown to profoundly influence axonal and dendritic morphology of b ...
... growth and interferes with hippocampal dendrite/axonal specification (Zhou et al., 2004; Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005). In addition, globally inhibiting GSK-3 activity with well-studied pharmacological blockers has been shown to profoundly influence axonal and dendritic morphology of b ...
Lemniscal recurrent and transcortical influences on
... dorsal column fibers at cervical levels.8. and 39. The primary afferents terminate mostly within the clusters zone32 or cellular bricks8 where lemniscal-projecting neurons predominate.21., 27. and 32. The local neurons of this region have larger and more proximal cutaneous receptive fields than the ...
... dorsal column fibers at cervical levels.8. and 39. The primary afferents terminate mostly within the clusters zone32 or cellular bricks8 where lemniscal-projecting neurons predominate.21., 27. and 32. The local neurons of this region have larger and more proximal cutaneous receptive fields than the ...
Mechanism of Irregular Firing of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons
... The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus contains the primary circadian pacemaker in mammals (Gillette and Tischkau 1999). Neuronal electrical activity recorded in the SCN shows a circadian rhythm, even after the neurons are isolated (Honma et al. 1998; Liu and Reppert 2000; Welsh et al ...
... The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus contains the primary circadian pacemaker in mammals (Gillette and Tischkau 1999). Neuronal electrical activity recorded in the SCN shows a circadian rhythm, even after the neurons are isolated (Honma et al. 1998; Liu and Reppert 2000; Welsh et al ...
The Transformation of a Unilateral Locomotor Command into a
... tested to date. How this occurs remains unresolved. This study examined the possibility that the symmetry occurred at the level of the inputs from the MLR to reticulospinal (RS) cells. In lamprey semi-intact preparations, we recorded intracellular responses of pairs of large, homologous RS cells on ...
... tested to date. How this occurs remains unresolved. This study examined the possibility that the symmetry occurred at the level of the inputs from the MLR to reticulospinal (RS) cells. In lamprey semi-intact preparations, we recorded intracellular responses of pairs of large, homologous RS cells on ...
Contraction Properties of VLSI Cooperative Competitive Neural
... of coupled (feed–forward and feed–back) subsystems that are individually contracting, then it is possible to find a sufficient condition for contraction without computing the system’s full Jacobian. In addition it is possible to compute a lower bound for the full system’s contraction rate. Let Fs be ...
... of coupled (feed–forward and feed–back) subsystems that are individually contracting, then it is possible to find a sufficient condition for contraction without computing the system’s full Jacobian. In addition it is possible to compute a lower bound for the full system’s contraction rate. Let Fs be ...
Axon Guidance by Growth Cones and Branches: Common
... movements may be a common feature of migrating cells. Taken together, these results imply that factors, such as extracellular cues, that influence the dynamics of either F-actin or microtubules may affect both cytoskeletal elements presumably through bidirectional signaling pathways that have not ye ...
... movements may be a common feature of migrating cells. Taken together, these results imply that factors, such as extracellular cues, that influence the dynamics of either F-actin or microtubules may affect both cytoskeletal elements presumably through bidirectional signaling pathways that have not ye ...
Mucous Retention Cysts of the Maxillary Sinus
... The pterygopalatine ganglion (parasympathetic) is suspended from V2 by two sensory roots. It receives preganglionic neurons from the facial nerve (greater petrosal branch, CN VII) that synapse at this point, becoming postganglionic neurons. They end up in the lacrimal nerve by rejoining V2 through a ...
... The pterygopalatine ganglion (parasympathetic) is suspended from V2 by two sensory roots. It receives preganglionic neurons from the facial nerve (greater petrosal branch, CN VII) that synapse at this point, becoming postganglionic neurons. They end up in the lacrimal nerve by rejoining V2 through a ...
Local Gene Expression in Axons and Nerve Endings: The Glia
... evidence for such dependence was so compelling that for a long time it obscured the other horn of the dilemma, that is, the limited capacity of the neuron soma to satisfy the trophic needs of the increasing axonal mass (315). As a result, the cell body was assigned the role of the only trophic cente ...
... evidence for such dependence was so compelling that for a long time it obscured the other horn of the dilemma, that is, the limited capacity of the neuron soma to satisfy the trophic needs of the increasing axonal mass (315). As a result, the cell body was assigned the role of the only trophic cente ...
Role of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in rat whisker pad
... iii) those innervating both structures. Extracellular recordings made during spontaneous movements of the macrovibrisae showed that whisking neurons similar to those observed in the trigeminal ganglion were located in the TMnu. These neurons had different patterns of activation, which were dependent ...
... iii) those innervating both structures. Extracellular recordings made during spontaneous movements of the macrovibrisae showed that whisking neurons similar to those observed in the trigeminal ganglion were located in the TMnu. These neurons had different patterns of activation, which were dependent ...
Hypothesized Deficiency of Guanine
... hypoxanthine, which can bind to the benzodiazepine agonist recognition site on the GABAA receptor complex, and the possibility of diminished levels of guanine-based purines in discrete ‘‘pools’’ involved in synaptic transmission. In addition to their critical roles in metabolism, gene replication an ...
... hypoxanthine, which can bind to the benzodiazepine agonist recognition site on the GABAA receptor complex, and the possibility of diminished levels of guanine-based purines in discrete ‘‘pools’’ involved in synaptic transmission. In addition to their critical roles in metabolism, gene replication an ...
How microglia kill neurons
... supplying nutritive factors such as BDNF and IGF1 (Biber et al., 2014). Thus neuronal death may occur if, for whatever reason, microglia are unable to provide these protective functions. For example, microglia express and release IGF1 that supports neurons, and this expression is greatly reduced by ...
... supplying nutritive factors such as BDNF and IGF1 (Biber et al., 2014). Thus neuronal death may occur if, for whatever reason, microglia are unable to provide these protective functions. For example, microglia express and release IGF1 that supports neurons, and this expression is greatly reduced by ...