Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons Target Non
... to the NAc, a significant number of VTA GABA neurons also project to the NAc (Van Bockstaele and Pickel, 1995; Carr and Sesack, 2000b; Margolis et al., 2006b). Moreover, a subset of NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) sends a reciprocal GABAergic projection back to the VTA (Nauta et al., 1978; Heimer et ...
... to the NAc, a significant number of VTA GABA neurons also project to the NAc (Van Bockstaele and Pickel, 1995; Carr and Sesack, 2000b; Margolis et al., 2006b). Moreover, a subset of NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) sends a reciprocal GABAergic projection back to the VTA (Nauta et al., 1978; Heimer et ...
Simulation of signal flow in 3D reconstructions of an anatomically
... The three-dimensional (3D) structure of neural circuits represents an essential constraint for information flow in the brain. Methods to directly monitor streams of excitation, at subcellular and millisecond resolution, are at present lacking. Here, we describe a pipeline of tools that allow investi ...
... The three-dimensional (3D) structure of neural circuits represents an essential constraint for information flow in the brain. Methods to directly monitor streams of excitation, at subcellular and millisecond resolution, are at present lacking. Here, we describe a pipeline of tools that allow investi ...
How microglia kill neurons
... microglia, astrocytes or other cells. For example, TNFα was found to cause death specifically of dopaminergic neurons in embryonic rat midbrain cultures, but it was not tested whether this neurotoxicity was mediated by glia (Clarke and Branton, 2002; McGuire et al., 2001). We found that TNFα could in ...
... microglia, astrocytes or other cells. For example, TNFα was found to cause death specifically of dopaminergic neurons in embryonic rat midbrain cultures, but it was not tested whether this neurotoxicity was mediated by glia (Clarke and Branton, 2002; McGuire et al., 2001). We found that TNFα could in ...
Amelioration of Delayed Neuronal Death in the Hippocampus by
... there was a mortality of lessthan 10%up to 1 week, there was no difference between the five groupsof treatment. Neuropathological studies were not undertaken on the gerbils that died. Neuropathological studiesshowedthat NGF significantly ameliorated the development of DND (Fig. 1). There was a stati ...
... there was a mortality of lessthan 10%up to 1 week, there was no difference between the five groupsof treatment. Neuropathological studies were not undertaken on the gerbils that died. Neuropathological studiesshowedthat NGF significantly ameliorated the development of DND (Fig. 1). There was a stati ...
PINP: A New Method of Tagging Neuronal Populations
... with secondary red fluorescent antibody (Figure 2C). Figure 2D shows a typical example in which of 92 YFP positive cells observed, PV staining was co-localized in 89 (97% of cells). Thus using ChR2-YFP as a marker for PV expression, the false positive rate was only 3% (i.e. only 3% of ChR2-YFP expre ...
... with secondary red fluorescent antibody (Figure 2C). Figure 2D shows a typical example in which of 92 YFP positive cells observed, PV staining was co-localized in 89 (97% of cells). Thus using ChR2-YFP as a marker for PV expression, the false positive rate was only 3% (i.e. only 3% of ChR2-YFP expre ...
- AVMA Journals Online
... the nucleus, mainly in its ventrolateral part. The number of FB-labeled neurons was determined in 4 calves, ranging from 191 to 1,469 (mean, 465). The mean cross-sectional area of the FB-labeled neurons was approximately 1,680 μm2. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In cattle, small, medium, and lar ...
... the nucleus, mainly in its ventrolateral part. The number of FB-labeled neurons was determined in 4 calves, ranging from 191 to 1,469 (mean, 465). The mean cross-sectional area of the FB-labeled neurons was approximately 1,680 μm2. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In cattle, small, medium, and lar ...
Psychology 100.18
... > Our estimates of how often things occurs or are influenced by the ease with which relevant examples can be remembered > This leads to a number of biases 1) Which is a more likely cause of death in the United States: being killed by falling airplane parts or being killed by a shark? ...
... > Our estimates of how often things occurs or are influenced by the ease with which relevant examples can be remembered > This leads to a number of biases 1) Which is a more likely cause of death in the United States: being killed by falling airplane parts or being killed by a shark? ...
Olfactory modulation by dopamine in the context of aversive learning
... This task is made all the more difficult because most resources have patchy distributions and varying reward values. This variability establishes different behavioral contexts in which sensory information is encoded by the nervous system. The nervous system must therefore adjust its activity so that ...
... This task is made all the more difficult because most resources have patchy distributions and varying reward values. This variability establishes different behavioral contexts in which sensory information is encoded by the nervous system. The nervous system must therefore adjust its activity so that ...
Developmental Changes Revealed by Immunohistochemical
... Dulbecco's sodium phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, to attenuate endogenous peroxidase staining associated with blood cells and vessels (Nilaver and Kozlowski, 1989), then washed in PBS. For the antibodies used in this study, this pretreatment did not affect the antibody-specific staining. Pr ...
... Dulbecco's sodium phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, to attenuate endogenous peroxidase staining associated with blood cells and vessels (Nilaver and Kozlowski, 1989), then washed in PBS. For the antibodies used in this study, this pretreatment did not affect the antibody-specific staining. Pr ...
Brain Oscillations Control Timing of Single
... 5Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel ...
... 5Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel ...
Representation, Computation, and Observer
... input and output components in computing mechanisms. This argument comes in two parts, which I will present and respond to in turn. As indicated above, paradigmatic cases of computation are often described as transforming representational inputs into representational outputs. It is Sprevak's content ...
... input and output components in computing mechanisms. This argument comes in two parts, which I will present and respond to in turn. As indicated above, paradigmatic cases of computation are often described as transforming representational inputs into representational outputs. It is Sprevak's content ...
Title Goes here
... Combined effects of Glutamate and Zinc on the EPSP Figures courtesy of Li, et al. 2001 ...
... Combined effects of Glutamate and Zinc on the EPSP Figures courtesy of Li, et al. 2001 ...
Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation induces an increase in
... enzymes activity in the striatum, hippocampus or cerebral cortex. The present data agree with the reported heterogeneous distribution of Achase activity in different regions of the rats brain (8,9) and they also indicate the need to carry out assays in discrete brain areas rather than in large one ...
... enzymes activity in the striatum, hippocampus or cerebral cortex. The present data agree with the reported heterogeneous distribution of Achase activity in different regions of the rats brain (8,9) and they also indicate the need to carry out assays in discrete brain areas rather than in large one ...
Spike-Timing Theory of Working Memory
... In the model presented here, PNGs get spontaneously reactivated due to stochastic synaptic noise. Short-term strengthening of the synapses of selected PNGs can bias these reactivations, i.e., increase the reactivation rate of the selected PNGs, which results in activity patterns similar to those obs ...
... In the model presented here, PNGs get spontaneously reactivated due to stochastic synaptic noise. Short-term strengthening of the synapses of selected PNGs can bias these reactivations, i.e., increase the reactivation rate of the selected PNGs, which results in activity patterns similar to those obs ...
The subtle body: an interoceptive map of central nervous system
... with the central channel or heart hub per se, but with the extremely subtle “indestructible” drop (aks.arabindu), whose main seat is in the heart hub.23,24 This drop not only feeds the secondary drops based in the six other axial hubs, but communicates with the genetic “seeds” (bı̄jas) born of the f ...
... with the central channel or heart hub per se, but with the extremely subtle “indestructible” drop (aks.arabindu), whose main seat is in the heart hub.23,24 This drop not only feeds the secondary drops based in the six other axial hubs, but communicates with the genetic “seeds” (bı̄jas) born of the f ...
Corticofugal Amplification of Subcortical Responses to Single Tone
... Zhang, Yunfeng and Nobuo Suga. Corticofugal amplification of subcortical responses to single tone stimuli in the mustached bat. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3489–3492, 1997. Since 1962, physiological data of corticofugal effects on subcortical auditory neurons have been controversial: inhibitory, excitatory ...
... Zhang, Yunfeng and Nobuo Suga. Corticofugal amplification of subcortical responses to single tone stimuli in the mustached bat. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3489–3492, 1997. Since 1962, physiological data of corticofugal effects on subcortical auditory neurons have been controversial: inhibitory, excitatory ...
Forecasting & Demand Planner Module 4 – Basic Concepts
... •Gaussian neurons are able to realize non-linear functions. •Therefore, networks of Gaussian units are in principle unrestricted with regard to the functions that they can realize. •The drawback of Gaussian neurons is that we have to make sure that their net input does not exceed 1. •This adds some ...
... •Gaussian neurons are able to realize non-linear functions. •Therefore, networks of Gaussian units are in principle unrestricted with regard to the functions that they can realize. •The drawback of Gaussian neurons is that we have to make sure that their net input does not exceed 1. •This adds some ...
Dorsal Column Nuclei Neurons Recorded in a Brain Stem–Spinal
... preparation: characteristics and their responses to dorsal root stimulation. J Neurophysiol 84: 1361–1368, 2000. Recordings were obtained from dorsal column nucleus (DCN) neurons in a neonatal rat brain stem—spinal cord preparation to study their basic electrophysiological properties and responses t ...
... preparation: characteristics and their responses to dorsal root stimulation. J Neurophysiol 84: 1361–1368, 2000. Recordings were obtained from dorsal column nucleus (DCN) neurons in a neonatal rat brain stem—spinal cord preparation to study their basic electrophysiological properties and responses t ...
Deficits of brainstem and spinal cord functions after
... behavioral disorders, and motor deficits (3). Early MRI with diffusion tensor imaging in neonates after HI is increasingly ...
... behavioral disorders, and motor deficits (3). Early MRI with diffusion tensor imaging in neonates after HI is increasingly ...
