Comparative analysis of the baseline spike activity of
... of grouped or burst activity and neurons showing monotonic changes in discharge frequency accounted for 19.5% and 10.4% of cells respectively (Fig. 2, III, IV). Neurons with random interspike intervals accounted for only 1.3% of cells (Fig. 2, I). Analysis of histograms of interspike intervals for n ...
... of grouped or burst activity and neurons showing monotonic changes in discharge frequency accounted for 19.5% and 10.4% of cells respectively (Fig. 2, III, IV). Neurons with random interspike intervals accounted for only 1.3% of cells (Fig. 2, I). Analysis of histograms of interspike intervals for n ...
MS Word DOC - AvianBrain.org
... am very grateful). I thank long and productive discussions on the development and evolution of the brain, and on a possible new avian brain nomenclature maintained during several years with Luis Puelles. I also thank discussions and input on a possible new avian brain nomenclature from George Paxino ...
... am very grateful). I thank long and productive discussions on the development and evolution of the brain, and on a possible new avian brain nomenclature maintained during several years with Luis Puelles. I also thank discussions and input on a possible new avian brain nomenclature from George Paxino ...
Appendix S1 Relation of local short
... contribute to local EEG considerably and others insignificantly. What is the contribution of volume conduction effect in this context? Firstly, volume conduction effect is distance dependent: the larger the distance of the recording electrode from the current source, the less informative the measure ...
... contribute to local EEG considerably and others insignificantly. What is the contribution of volume conduction effect in this context? Firstly, volume conduction effect is distance dependent: the larger the distance of the recording electrode from the current source, the less informative the measure ...
365 Brainy Fact-A
... its name from the Greek word meaning "rainbow." In Greek mythology, the goddess of the rainbow is named Iris. ...
... its name from the Greek word meaning "rainbow." In Greek mythology, the goddess of the rainbow is named Iris. ...
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through
... with DA-modulated STDP to illustrate various aspects of reinforcement of precise firing patterns embedded into the sea of noise. Reinforcing a Synapse In Figure 1, we reinforce contingent firing of 2 neurons by delayed reward to illustrate how DA-modulated STDP addresses the credit assignment problem ...
... with DA-modulated STDP to illustrate various aspects of reinforcement of precise firing patterns embedded into the sea of noise. Reinforcing a Synapse In Figure 1, we reinforce contingent firing of 2 neurons by delayed reward to illustrate how DA-modulated STDP addresses the credit assignment problem ...
Anatomical organization of the central olfactory
... implies the importance of chemosensation. Due to their well-developed sense of smell and easily accessible nervous system, moths have served as suitable model organisms for researchers exploring general principles underlying odor information processing. Like in other insects, moths perceive odorants ...
... implies the importance of chemosensation. Due to their well-developed sense of smell and easily accessible nervous system, moths have served as suitable model organisms for researchers exploring general principles underlying odor information processing. Like in other insects, moths perceive odorants ...
Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during
... 1990; Ono et al., 2006). Most of the central pattern generators (CPGs) are not dedicated to producing a fixed motor pattern, but can assume different functional configurations and produce various motor patterns according to afferent inputs (Morton and Chiel, 1994; Dickinson, 1995; Marder and Calabre ...
... 1990; Ono et al., 2006). Most of the central pattern generators (CPGs) are not dedicated to producing a fixed motor pattern, but can assume different functional configurations and produce various motor patterns according to afferent inputs (Morton and Chiel, 1994; Dickinson, 1995; Marder and Calabre ...
31 Relating the Activity of Sensory Neurons to Perception
... single neuron recordings or gross causal manipulations. In the intervening decade and a half, new experimental technology and techniques for analyzing data have revolutionized the field. These developments have recently begun to bear fruit, and hard drives are being filled with data as quickly as en ...
... single neuron recordings or gross causal manipulations. In the intervening decade and a half, new experimental technology and techniques for analyzing data have revolutionized the field. These developments have recently begun to bear fruit, and hard drives are being filled with data as quickly as en ...
the anatomy and neurosecretory system of the
... found resting in crevices in the coral and underneath rocks inshore of the reef. ...
... found resting in crevices in the coral and underneath rocks inshore of the reef. ...
PDE5 Exists in Human Neurons and is a Viable Therapeutic Target
... for a variety of neurologic diseases. Although many of these studies have focused on Alzheimer’s disease, the PDE5 literature suggests that PDE5 inhibition may be therapeutic in a variety of neurological disorders (see Discussion). Despite the successes in the animal literature, PDE5 inhibitors have ...
... for a variety of neurologic diseases. Although many of these studies have focused on Alzheimer’s disease, the PDE5 literature suggests that PDE5 inhibition may be therapeutic in a variety of neurological disorders (see Discussion). Despite the successes in the animal literature, PDE5 inhibitors have ...
hormonal control of cell form and number
... Figure 1. The (calculated) dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by each type of hormone implant as a function of the chick’s age. Abbreviations in the figure are explained in Table I. Details of the care of chicks were given previously (Gurney and Konishi, 1980; Gurney, 1981) ...
... Figure 1. The (calculated) dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by each type of hormone implant as a function of the chick’s age. Abbreviations in the figure are explained in Table I. Details of the care of chicks were given previously (Gurney and Konishi, 1980; Gurney, 1981) ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To validate shRNA constructs, we demonstrate by Western blot analysis the successful knockdown of fulllengt ...
... ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To validate shRNA constructs, we demonstrate by Western blot analysis the successful knockdown of fulllengt ...
Not all brains are created equal: The relevance of
... individual subject’s cortical excitability and tissue may be very specific and extremely variable across a whole sample. For instance, there are sharp contrasts in outcomes observed using different current strengths, such that 1mA and 2mA of A-tDCS achieve different outcomes on cognitive tasks. One ...
... individual subject’s cortical excitability and tissue may be very specific and extremely variable across a whole sample. For instance, there are sharp contrasts in outcomes observed using different current strengths, such that 1mA and 2mA of A-tDCS achieve different outcomes on cognitive tasks. One ...
Temporal Profiles of Axon Terminals, Synapses and Spines in the
... minutes each time, with a 5-hour interval between the 2 occlusions, anesthesia was discontinued immediately after each cervical surgery, the animals soon became awake and moved spontaneously. Ischemia-positive animals registering ⬎13 points were selected based on the stroke index score determined du ...
... minutes each time, with a 5-hour interval between the 2 occlusions, anesthesia was discontinued immediately after each cervical surgery, the animals soon became awake and moved spontaneously. Ischemia-positive animals registering ⬎13 points were selected based on the stroke index score determined du ...
General Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
... • Cell bodies of neurons #1 lie in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord • The axons of neurons #1 leave the spinal cord via the ventral root • These axons pass to the spinal nerve • Axons leave the spinal nerve via the white branches (rami communicantes) • Connect with the sympathetic chain gan ...
... • Cell bodies of neurons #1 lie in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord • The axons of neurons #1 leave the spinal cord via the ventral root • These axons pass to the spinal nerve • Axons leave the spinal nerve via the white branches (rami communicantes) • Connect with the sympathetic chain gan ...
Sequential Development of Electrical and Chemical Synaptic
... Neuronal circuits form during embryonic life, even before synapses are completely mature. Developmental changes can be quantitative (e.g., connections become stronger and more reliable) or qualitative (e.g., synapses form, are lost, or switch from electrical to chemical or from excitatory to inhibit ...
... Neuronal circuits form during embryonic life, even before synapses are completely mature. Developmental changes can be quantitative (e.g., connections become stronger and more reliable) or qualitative (e.g., synapses form, are lost, or switch from electrical to chemical or from excitatory to inhibit ...
Temperature Integration at the AC Thermosensory Neurons
... Temperature sensation has a strong impact on animal behavior and is necessary for animals to avoid exposure to harmful temperatures. It is now well known that thermoTRP (transient receptor potential) channels in thermosensory neurons detect a variable range of temperature stimuli. However, little is ...
... Temperature sensation has a strong impact on animal behavior and is necessary for animals to avoid exposure to harmful temperatures. It is now well known that thermoTRP (transient receptor potential) channels in thermosensory neurons detect a variable range of temperature stimuli. However, little is ...
On the Role of the Pontine Brainstem in Vocal Pattern Generation: A
... question of how VOC controls cranial motoneuron pools involved in FM vocalizations was left open in that study. In the present study, we compared neuronal activities of vocalization-correlated neurons (VM neurons) from VOC with those of cranial motoneuron pools. We wanted to find out whether there a ...
... question of how VOC controls cranial motoneuron pools involved in FM vocalizations was left open in that study. In the present study, we compared neuronal activities of vocalization-correlated neurons (VM neurons) from VOC with those of cranial motoneuron pools. We wanted to find out whether there a ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
Hypothalamic pathways linking energy balance and reproduction
... In both the AVPV and arcuate nucleus, KiSS-1 is regulated by sex steroids (83– 85). Estrogen and androgen receptors (ER␣ and AR, respectively) are found in a high percentage of KiSS-1-expressing neurons, and estradiol and testosterone increase KiSS-1 expression in the AVPV and decrease KiSS-1 expres ...
... In both the AVPV and arcuate nucleus, KiSS-1 is regulated by sex steroids (83– 85). Estrogen and androgen receptors (ER␣ and AR, respectively) are found in a high percentage of KiSS-1-expressing neurons, and estradiol and testosterone increase KiSS-1 expression in the AVPV and decrease KiSS-1 expres ...