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... during sleep, researchers aim to paint a more complete picture of why people sleep — and why sleep sometimes goes awry, as Science News staff writers Tina Hesman Saey and Laura Sanders report in this special section. Scientists seeking the reasons for sleep hope to discover some evolutionary insight ...
... during sleep, researchers aim to paint a more complete picture of why people sleep — and why sleep sometimes goes awry, as Science News staff writers Tina Hesman Saey and Laura Sanders report in this special section. Scientists seeking the reasons for sleep hope to discover some evolutionary insight ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... Figure 2. Analysis of firing activity of VTA DA neurons in rats passively exposed to nicotine. A, B, Scatterplots showing the pulses at frequencies of 100 Hz or greater, and bursting activity as a function of firing rate of individual neurons for rats receiving continuous saline (pump-SAL) or nicoti ...
... Figure 2. Analysis of firing activity of VTA DA neurons in rats passively exposed to nicotine. A, B, Scatterplots showing the pulses at frequencies of 100 Hz or greater, and bursting activity as a function of firing rate of individual neurons for rats receiving continuous saline (pump-SAL) or nicoti ...
Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by
... information about a VTA-DA neuron’s inputs with its projection targets. Although such input-output relationships can be established in ultrastructural studies (e.g., Carr and Sesack, 2000), the methods involved are labor intensive and thus cannot practically be scaled up to elucidate whole-brain inp ...
... information about a VTA-DA neuron’s inputs with its projection targets. Although such input-output relationships can be established in ultrastructural studies (e.g., Carr and Sesack, 2000), the methods involved are labor intensive and thus cannot practically be scaled up to elucidate whole-brain inp ...
Representing Spatial Information for Limb - Research
... the mean firing rate during either RT, MT, or RMT was linearly regressed on the Cartesian components of all movement directions (n = 8) in each cube separately. Movement direction Is a vector of unit length pointing from initial tofinalposition. Statistical significance of die regression was assesse ...
... the mean firing rate during either RT, MT, or RMT was linearly regressed on the Cartesian components of all movement directions (n = 8) in each cube separately. Movement direction Is a vector of unit length pointing from initial tofinalposition. Statistical significance of die regression was assesse ...
Vasopressin Receptors of the Vasopressor (V,)
... Part of the recordings were carried out using micropipettes containing 2Oh (wt/vol) Niagara Sky Blue in 0.5 M Na-acetate. At the end of the recording session the dye was ejected by applying a negative voltage (W-80 V) to the micropipette for 2-3 min. The slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solu ...
... Part of the recordings were carried out using micropipettes containing 2Oh (wt/vol) Niagara Sky Blue in 0.5 M Na-acetate. At the end of the recording session the dye was ejected by applying a negative voltage (W-80 V) to the micropipette for 2-3 min. The slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solu ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... complex system to date [16]. Comparison of hardware/software implementation and software simulations shows how faraway humans are in achieving the same efficiency as biological neurons. The power consumed by the software implementations are up to 500 billion times more and neo-cortical simulator res ...
... complex system to date [16]. Comparison of hardware/software implementation and software simulations shows how faraway humans are in achieving the same efficiency as biological neurons. The power consumed by the software implementations are up to 500 billion times more and neo-cortical simulator res ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... Figure 3 | Neuronal activity in primate striatum and orbitofrontal cortex related to the expectation of reward. a | Activity in a putamen neuron during a delayed go–no go task in which an initial cue instructs the monkey to produce or withhold a reaching movement following a trigger stimulus. The in ...
... Figure 3 | Neuronal activity in primate striatum and orbitofrontal cortex related to the expectation of reward. a | Activity in a putamen neuron during a delayed go–no go task in which an initial cue instructs the monkey to produce or withhold a reaching movement following a trigger stimulus. The in ...
Effect of Adrenalectomy on Miniature Inhibitory Postsynaptic
... cellbody as established during the recording session (see examples in Fig. 1, A--D). Since the intracellular dyes were found to influence the physiological properties of the cells, staining was only performed in a limited number of cells and not routinely applied. Only those neurons that could be id ...
... cellbody as established during the recording session (see examples in Fig. 1, A--D). Since the intracellular dyes were found to influence the physiological properties of the cells, staining was only performed in a limited number of cells and not routinely applied. Only those neurons that could be id ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... Bolam, Bergman, Graybiel, Kimura, Plenz, Seung, Surmeier, and Wickens (2005) In press. ...
... Bolam, Bergman, Graybiel, Kimura, Plenz, Seung, Surmeier, and Wickens (2005) In press. ...
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... The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c) There are more neurons than glial cells in the nervous system. d) A nerve is best defined as a bundle of axons from different neurons. e) Glial cells serve to support neurons, as well as to form the myelin sheath on axons. ANS: c TOP: MOD: 2.1 ...
... The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c) There are more neurons than glial cells in the nervous system. d) A nerve is best defined as a bundle of axons from different neurons. e) Glial cells serve to support neurons, as well as to form the myelin sheath on axons. ANS: c TOP: MOD: 2.1 ...
How is Epilepsy Diagnosed?
... which causes seizures to occur. As, however, there are many very different types of seizure, it is better to speak of epilepsies. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder marked by involuntary, recurrent seizures that arise from excessive discharges of neurons in the brain. Seizures vary in type, ...
... which causes seizures to occur. As, however, there are many very different types of seizure, it is better to speak of epilepsies. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder marked by involuntary, recurrent seizures that arise from excessive discharges of neurons in the brain. Seizures vary in type, ...
Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by
... anorexigenic LepRb/POMC neurons, POMC expression and α-MSH secretion, and, to suppress the firing of orexigenic LepRb/NPY-expressing neurons, secretion of NPY and AgRP (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesol ...
... anorexigenic LepRb/POMC neurons, POMC expression and α-MSH secretion, and, to suppress the firing of orexigenic LepRb/NPY-expressing neurons, secretion of NPY and AgRP (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesol ...
MECHANISMS OF CENTRAL TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY
... of inflation was increased. The secondary inhibition of expiratory neurons at higher lung volumes is not accompanied by inspiratory efforts or phrenic nerve activity and therefore cannot be related to the Head's (1889) "Paradoxical reflex". That means that under certain conditions expiratory, as wel ...
... of inflation was increased. The secondary inhibition of expiratory neurons at higher lung volumes is not accompanied by inspiratory efforts or phrenic nerve activity and therefore cannot be related to the Head's (1889) "Paradoxical reflex". That means that under certain conditions expiratory, as wel ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... understand the more we come to realise the magnitude of this undertaking. As there are billions of neurons separated by different classes with even more connections of differing types, a top down approach has to be taken. We can only begin to try to replicate processes once the architecture of the b ...
... understand the more we come to realise the magnitude of this undertaking. As there are billions of neurons separated by different classes with even more connections of differing types, a top down approach has to be taken. We can only begin to try to replicate processes once the architecture of the b ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... Recent years have witnessed a steep increase in studies on the diverse roles of neuronal cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs). The versatility of CCC gene transcription, posttranslational modification, and trafficking are on par with what is known about ion channels. The cell-specific and subcellul ...
... Recent years have witnessed a steep increase in studies on the diverse roles of neuronal cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs). The versatility of CCC gene transcription, posttranslational modification, and trafficking are on par with what is known about ion channels. The cell-specific and subcellul ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... (vertical and horizontal limbs), and zona incerta. In the caudate putamen and nucleus basalis magnocellularis of Meynert, all ChAT-positive neurons contained AChE and vice versa. In the medial septum and nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, all ChAT-positive neurons contained AChE, but these neuro ...
... (vertical and horizontal limbs), and zona incerta. In the caudate putamen and nucleus basalis magnocellularis of Meynert, all ChAT-positive neurons contained AChE and vice versa. In the medial septum and nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, all ChAT-positive neurons contained AChE, but these neuro ...
Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and
... activated during unconditioned psychological stress, as indicated by c-Fos expression (e.g., 44 – 46, 64, 101, 121, 138, 139, 151) (Fig. 2). Many of these regions also play an important role in sympathetic and/or respiratory regulation, such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), dorsomedial hypothal ...
... activated during unconditioned psychological stress, as indicated by c-Fos expression (e.g., 44 – 46, 64, 101, 121, 138, 139, 151) (Fig. 2). Many of these regions also play an important role in sympathetic and/or respiratory regulation, such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), dorsomedial hypothal ...
Genetic dissection of neural circuits underlying sexually dimorphic
... strategies to selectively study and manipulate such molecularly defined neuronal subpopulations within the BNST and elsewhere will be essential in the attempt to untangle and understand the neural circuits underlying sexually dimorphic behaviour. This review provides an overview of our current under ...
... strategies to selectively study and manipulate such molecularly defined neuronal subpopulations within the BNST and elsewhere will be essential in the attempt to untangle and understand the neural circuits underlying sexually dimorphic behaviour. This review provides an overview of our current under ...
Caudo‐rostral brain spreading of α‐synuclein through vagal
... model is currently available that directly mimics this important PD feature. Furthermore, it is unclear whether increased expression of a‐syn would itself be capable of causing long‐ distance upward transmission of the protein and its pathology. To address these unanswered questions, a new model of ...
... model is currently available that directly mimics this important PD feature. Furthermore, it is unclear whether increased expression of a‐syn would itself be capable of causing long‐ distance upward transmission of the protein and its pathology. To address these unanswered questions, a new model of ...
