NT Notes
... Let's check this idea using one neurotransmitter as an example: norepinephrine. As you may recall, norepinephrine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that has effects in the sympathetic nervous system and in the brain. In the brain, norepinephrine has mood and other effects. Increased levels of norepi ...
... Let's check this idea using one neurotransmitter as an example: norepinephrine. As you may recall, norepinephrine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that has effects in the sympathetic nervous system and in the brain. In the brain, norepinephrine has mood and other effects. Increased levels of norepi ...
Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward
... caudate nucleus and putamen. Most studies have emphasized the uniformity of these responses in different striatal regions, that is, the anterior striatum and posterior putamen, which appear to process, respectively, cognitive and motor information [10–13]. On the other hand, no study has yet monitor ...
... caudate nucleus and putamen. Most studies have emphasized the uniformity of these responses in different striatal regions, that is, the anterior striatum and posterior putamen, which appear to process, respectively, cognitive and motor information [10–13]. On the other hand, no study has yet monitor ...
Seminar Chronic disorders of consciousness
... state requires carefully reaching the correct diagnosis, pronouncing an evidence-based prognosis, and thoughtfully considering the medical, ethical, and legal elements of optimum treatment. In the USA, the case of Theresa Schiavo in 2005 brought many of these issues to intense public scrutiny, albei ...
... state requires carefully reaching the correct diagnosis, pronouncing an evidence-based prognosis, and thoughtfully considering the medical, ethical, and legal elements of optimum treatment. In the USA, the case of Theresa Schiavo in 2005 brought many of these issues to intense public scrutiny, albei ...
Alexander et al., 2009
... control defined cell populations to further understand the machinations of the brain and nervous system. Over time, researchers discovered neuronal contacts across the brain could be parsed based on the unique gene expression profiles of each cell type in a given brain region; this made genetic-targ ...
... control defined cell populations to further understand the machinations of the brain and nervous system. Over time, researchers discovered neuronal contacts across the brain could be parsed based on the unique gene expression profiles of each cell type in a given brain region; this made genetic-targ ...
Role of Feedforward and Feedback Projections in Figure
... modified by factors such as experience and learning, or, more importantly, by the spatial and temporal context in which a stimulus is presented. The latter strongly influences the stimulus evoked response of a cell. The prominence of contextual information processing is reflected by the fact that th ...
... modified by factors such as experience and learning, or, more importantly, by the spatial and temporal context in which a stimulus is presented. The latter strongly influences the stimulus evoked response of a cell. The prominence of contextual information processing is reflected by the fact that th ...
connect_review_20150316 - Royal Holloway, University of London
... of complex stimuli. These network properties include influences of major, long-range fiber bundles, backward connections from higher to lower-level areas and interactions between areas with dissimilar category preferences. These network properties can potentially explain diverse phenomena, including ...
... of complex stimuli. These network properties include influences of major, long-range fiber bundles, backward connections from higher to lower-level areas and interactions between areas with dissimilar category preferences. These network properties can potentially explain diverse phenomena, including ...
Magnetic Susceptibility Tensor: Imaging and Modeling
... Biological tissues can be either diamagnetic or paramagnetic depending on its molecular contents and microstructure. Notice that while the signal of MRI originates from nuclear magnetization, the dominant magnetization that contributes to bulk susceptibility originates from orbital electrons. There ...
... Biological tissues can be either diamagnetic or paramagnetic depending on its molecular contents and microstructure. Notice that while the signal of MRI originates from nuclear magnetization, the dominant magnetization that contributes to bulk susceptibility originates from orbital electrons. There ...
... to create persistent attention to rewards, novel or unexpected stimuli, or aversive stimuli, much like dopamine increases spatial focus in ARS. Addictive behaviors operate via similar mechanisms (Berke & Hyman, 2000). As stated previously and discussed further in Section 4, inappropriate levels of d ...
Wager, T. D., Kang, J., Johnson, T. D., Nichols, T. E., Satpute, A. B.
... one emotion type from another, it is not clear that these findings are reliable enough (with sufficiently large effects) or generalizable enough across studies to meaningfully use brain information to infer what type of emotion was experienced. Recently, studies have begun to take a pattern-based vi ...
... one emotion type from another, it is not clear that these findings are reliable enough (with sufficiently large effects) or generalizable enough across studies to meaningfully use brain information to infer what type of emotion was experienced. Recently, studies have begun to take a pattern-based vi ...
Memory Extinction, Learning Anew, and Learning the New
... Anew, and Learning the New: Dissociations in the Molecular Machinery of Learning in Cortex Diego E. Berman and Yadin Dudai* The rat insular cortex (IC) subserves the memory of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), in which a taste is associated with malaise. When the conditioned taste is unfamiliar, for ...
... Anew, and Learning the New: Dissociations in the Molecular Machinery of Learning in Cortex Diego E. Berman and Yadin Dudai* The rat insular cortex (IC) subserves the memory of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), in which a taste is associated with malaise. When the conditioned taste is unfamiliar, for ...
EEG Biofeedback, Hemoencephalography Biofeedback and
... these methods for the treatment of migraine, strong evidence was found for the efficacy of the above methods which proved stable over a 17 month follow‐up phase.5 Numerous studies explore traditional biofeedback but scant studies exist on using neurofeedback methods to treat migraine. There are ...
... these methods for the treatment of migraine, strong evidence was found for the efficacy of the above methods which proved stable over a 17 month follow‐up phase.5 Numerous studies explore traditional biofeedback but scant studies exist on using neurofeedback methods to treat migraine. There are ...
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (March 20, 2003). 10.1152/jn
... between these inputs that determines the membrane potential of the up state. The two K+ currents included in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured i ...
... between these inputs that determines the membrane potential of the up state. The two K+ currents included in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured i ...
Basal ganglia contributions to motor control: a - Research
... STN are devoted to these different functions. The circuit that projects to the motor cortices (i.e. the ‘skeletomotor circuit’) passes through a posterior–ventral region of GPi. Circuits sending information to prefrontal ‘associative’ cortical areas occupy more anterior and dorso-medial regions of t ...
... STN are devoted to these different functions. The circuit that projects to the motor cortices (i.e. the ‘skeletomotor circuit’) passes through a posterior–ventral region of GPi. Circuits sending information to prefrontal ‘associative’ cortical areas occupy more anterior and dorso-medial regions of t ...
Appendix Basics of the Nervous System
... The key to the functioning of both the resting potential and the action potential lies in the cleverly organized cell membrane (Figure AP 1.9). Without going into too much detail, the cell membrane is a phospholipid bi-layer. The phospolipid molecule, show as a ball (the phosphate part) and two stic ...
... The key to the functioning of both the resting potential and the action potential lies in the cleverly organized cell membrane (Figure AP 1.9). Without going into too much detail, the cell membrane is a phospholipid bi-layer. The phospolipid molecule, show as a ball (the phosphate part) and two stic ...
Development - Publications Repository
... SEMA3F being expressed in r3 and r5 and NRP2 being expressed by the r2-derived (trigeminal) and r4-derived (hyoid) neural crest cells (Gammill et al., 2007; Eickholt et al., 1999). Moreover, cranial neural crest cells travel through the normally crest-free zone at r3 level when semaphorin function i ...
... SEMA3F being expressed in r3 and r5 and NRP2 being expressed by the r2-derived (trigeminal) and r4-derived (hyoid) neural crest cells (Gammill et al., 2007; Eickholt et al., 1999). Moreover, cranial neural crest cells travel through the normally crest-free zone at r3 level when semaphorin function i ...
body proportions in infancy and early childhood
... • Over one quarter of the world’s children under age 5 are moderately or severely underweight. • In 2012, 15% of American households experienced food insecurity (lack of consistent access to food). • The most common nutrients missing from infants and toddlers’ diets are iron, zinc, and calcium. Kuth ...
... • Over one quarter of the world’s children under age 5 are moderately or severely underweight. • In 2012, 15% of American households experienced food insecurity (lack of consistent access to food). • The most common nutrients missing from infants and toddlers’ diets are iron, zinc, and calcium. Kuth ...
What is Nervous System Fatigue and How do I Prevent it
... Central nervous system (CNS) fatigue is neural fatigue originating in the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, or spinal nerves. The exact mechanism for CNS fatigue remains largely unknown but it appears that acute CNS fatigue may occur as a result of decreased reflex sensitivity and / or less than optim ...
... Central nervous system (CNS) fatigue is neural fatigue originating in the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, or spinal nerves. The exact mechanism for CNS fatigue remains largely unknown but it appears that acute CNS fatigue may occur as a result of decreased reflex sensitivity and / or less than optim ...
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... However, flip-flop switches can also make unwanted transitions with little warning. When a small perturbation gives one side a sudden advantage, it can turn off the alternative state relatively abruptly (such as falling asleep during a momentary lapse of attention while driving). Interestingly, math ...
... However, flip-flop switches can also make unwanted transitions with little warning. When a small perturbation gives one side a sudden advantage, it can turn off the alternative state relatively abruptly (such as falling asleep during a momentary lapse of attention while driving). Interestingly, math ...
Developmental structure in brain evolution
... and reproduce its expressions (Meltzoff 1996). In looking more closely at the structure of brain evolution, we may hope to understand how the general and the specialized can cohabit in a single brain. The predominant quantitative anatomical and allometric techniques used by evolutionary neurobiologi ...
... and reproduce its expressions (Meltzoff 1996). In looking more closely at the structure of brain evolution, we may hope to understand how the general and the specialized can cohabit in a single brain. The predominant quantitative anatomical and allometric techniques used by evolutionary neurobiologi ...
Lateral Zone
... • Ataxia: incoordinated movements due to errors in the control of rate, range, force and direction of movements. • Asynergia: normally there is synergism between agonists and antagonists. This is lost in cerebellar disease. • Dysmetria and Past pointing: dysmetria is inability to control range of mo ...
... • Ataxia: incoordinated movements due to errors in the control of rate, range, force and direction of movements. • Asynergia: normally there is synergism between agonists and antagonists. This is lost in cerebellar disease. • Dysmetria and Past pointing: dysmetria is inability to control range of mo ...
Name__________________________________ The Spinal Cord
... The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Lab A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve the brain. The main steps of a reflex ...
... The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Lab A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve the brain. The main steps of a reflex ...
Layer III Neurons Control Synchronized Waves in the Immature
... ship and Feller, 2010), and abnormal wave patterns during development are subsequently related to neurological disorders (Le Van Quyen et al., 2006; Allène et al., 2008; Seki et al., 2012). Cortical waves are diverse in their spatiotemporal patterns (Arieli et al., 1996; Benucci et al., 2007; Han e ...
... ship and Feller, 2010), and abnormal wave patterns during development are subsequently related to neurological disorders (Le Van Quyen et al., 2006; Allène et al., 2008; Seki et al., 2012). Cortical waves are diverse in their spatiotemporal patterns (Arieli et al., 1996; Benucci et al., 2007; Han e ...
Logic and Complexity in Cognitive Science
... Nevertheless, our aim in crafting this survey has been to illustrate a theme which can be found throughout Johan van Benthem oeuvre, namely an ecumenical approach to formal systems, emphasizing commonality and fine structure rather than conflict and divergence. Where some would seek to defend the ad ...
... Nevertheless, our aim in crafting this survey has been to illustrate a theme which can be found throughout Johan van Benthem oeuvre, namely an ecumenical approach to formal systems, emphasizing commonality and fine structure rather than conflict and divergence. Where some would seek to defend the ad ...
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3
... tracer (Jackson et al., 2009). Although the latter study clearly indicates that some nonserotonergic projection neurons in the DR and MnR are positive for VGLUT3, it remains unclear that how VGLUT3-expressing neurons are distributed in the DR and MnR and whether or not these neurons might send axons ...
... tracer (Jackson et al., 2009). Although the latter study clearly indicates that some nonserotonergic projection neurons in the DR and MnR are positive for VGLUT3, it remains unclear that how VGLUT3-expressing neurons are distributed in the DR and MnR and whether or not these neurons might send axons ...