NA EXAM 3 (May 2001)
... One of the 4 intrinsic nuclei of the basal ganglia. A disc shaped nucleus located medial (deep) to the putamen. GPe receives input from the striatal input nuclei and subthalamic nuclei, and projects to the STN as part of the INDIRECT output pathway. Activating the indirect pathway inhibits the thala ...
... One of the 4 intrinsic nuclei of the basal ganglia. A disc shaped nucleus located medial (deep) to the putamen. GPe receives input from the striatal input nuclei and subthalamic nuclei, and projects to the STN as part of the INDIRECT output pathway. Activating the indirect pathway inhibits the thala ...
Textbook Glossary
... Ankyloglossia. Restricted movement of the tongue, resulting in speech difficulty.* 574 Ankyrin. A membrane protein of erythrocytes and brain that anchors spectrin to the plasma membrane at the sites of anion channels. 158 Annulus fibrosus. A ringlike structure developed from sclerotomal cells that a ...
... Ankyloglossia. Restricted movement of the tongue, resulting in speech difficulty.* 574 Ankyrin. A membrane protein of erythrocytes and brain that anchors spectrin to the plasma membrane at the sites of anion channels. 158 Annulus fibrosus. A ringlike structure developed from sclerotomal cells that a ...
Human Reflexes Introductory Reading and
... Reflex testing is an important diagnostic tool for assessing the condition of the nervous system. Distorted, exaggerated, or reflexes that are absent may indicate degeneration or pathology of portions of the nervous system, often before other signs are apparent. If the spinal cord is damaged, then r ...
... Reflex testing is an important diagnostic tool for assessing the condition of the nervous system. Distorted, exaggerated, or reflexes that are absent may indicate degeneration or pathology of portions of the nervous system, often before other signs are apparent. If the spinal cord is damaged, then r ...
Ch. 13 Nervous System Cells Textbook
... within the anatomical boundaries of the brain and spinal cord as part of the CNS. Cells that begin in the brain or cord but extend out through a nerve are thus not included in the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the nerve tissues that lie in the periphery, or ...
... within the anatomical boundaries of the brain and spinal cord as part of the CNS. Cells that begin in the brain or cord but extend out through a nerve are thus not included in the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the nerve tissues that lie in the periphery, or ...
neuron models and basic learning rules
... simply one of them. • Because the activation function takes only two values, this model is called discrete neuron. • To make the neuron learnable, some kind of continuous function is often used as the activation function. This kind of neurons are called continuous neurons. • Typical functions used i ...
... simply one of them. • Because the activation function takes only two values, this model is called discrete neuron. • To make the neuron learnable, some kind of continuous function is often used as the activation function. This kind of neurons are called continuous neurons. • Typical functions used i ...
PDF
... embryological origins. Some of the neurons on one side of each of the segmental ganglia derive from a single cell, the ipsilateral N ectoteloblast. Other neurons derive from a different precursor cell, the ipsilateral OPQ cell that gives rise to the 0, P, and Q ectoteloblasts. The positions within t ...
... embryological origins. Some of the neurons on one side of each of the segmental ganglia derive from a single cell, the ipsilateral N ectoteloblast. Other neurons derive from a different precursor cell, the ipsilateral OPQ cell that gives rise to the 0, P, and Q ectoteloblasts. The positions within t ...
A COMMON REFERENCE FRAME FOR MOVEMENT PLANS IN
... Yale E. Cohen* and Richard A. Andersen‡ Orchestrating a movement towards a sensory target requires many computational processes, including a transformation between reference frames. This transformation is important because the reference frames in which sensory stimuli are encoded often differ from t ...
... Yale E. Cohen* and Richard A. Andersen‡ Orchestrating a movement towards a sensory target requires many computational processes, including a transformation between reference frames. This transformation is important because the reference frames in which sensory stimuli are encoded often differ from t ...
PDF file
... influence of top-down versus the bottom-up part. This bottomup, top-down coupling is not new [6]. The novelty for this paper is twofold: first, the top-down activation originates from the previous time step (t − 1) and second, nonzero topdown parameter (α > 0) is used in the testing phase. These sim ...
... influence of top-down versus the bottom-up part. This bottomup, top-down coupling is not new [6]. The novelty for this paper is twofold: first, the top-down activation originates from the previous time step (t − 1) and second, nonzero topdown parameter (α > 0) is used in the testing phase. These sim ...
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NEURAL CREST
... craniofacial cartilage, and bone. Because of its remarkable ability to generate such diverse derivatives, the neural crest has fascinated developmental biologists for over one hundred years. A great deal has been learned about the migratory pathways neural crest cells follow and the signals that may ...
... craniofacial cartilage, and bone. Because of its remarkable ability to generate such diverse derivatives, the neural crest has fascinated developmental biologists for over one hundred years. A great deal has been learned about the migratory pathways neural crest cells follow and the signals that may ...
Fig. - Development - The Company of Biologists
... and, when placed into blastocysts, contribute to all tissues of the embryo and integrate into the normal morphogenetic processes, i.e. they are pluripotent. However, although they can be steered to differentiate in vitro into all cell types of the organism, they cannot organise themselves into struc ...
... and, when placed into blastocysts, contribute to all tissues of the embryo and integrate into the normal morphogenetic processes, i.e. they are pluripotent. However, although they can be steered to differentiate in vitro into all cell types of the organism, they cannot organise themselves into struc ...
Spinal Cord Review
... An old 52 African-American man presented to the ER with a one week history of "unable to stand". This was progressively worsening over the week and more marked on the left lower extremity. The patient also stated that he was unable to feel anything (numbness) in his legs. He also complained of inabi ...
... An old 52 African-American man presented to the ER with a one week history of "unable to stand". This was progressively worsening over the week and more marked on the left lower extremity. The patient also stated that he was unable to feel anything (numbness) in his legs. He also complained of inabi ...
Evidence for topographically organized endogenous 5‐HT‐1A
... feedback inhibition of the raphe nuclei is topographically organized was examined. This was done by testing the effect of systemic blockade of 5-HT-1A receptors on Fos expression in 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe (DR) and median raphe (MR). The premise was that appearance of Fos after 5-HT-1A rece ...
... feedback inhibition of the raphe nuclei is topographically organized was examined. This was done by testing the effect of systemic blockade of 5-HT-1A receptors on Fos expression in 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe (DR) and median raphe (MR). The premise was that appearance of Fos after 5-HT-1A rece ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... contrast in the perceived spatial pattern a. Virtually every sensory pathway, when excited, gives rise simultaneously to lateral inhibitory signals b. Importance of lateral inhibition is that it blocks the lateral spread of excitatory signals and therefore, increases the degree of contrast in the se ...
... contrast in the perceived spatial pattern a. Virtually every sensory pathway, when excited, gives rise simultaneously to lateral inhibitory signals b. Importance of lateral inhibition is that it blocks the lateral spread of excitatory signals and therefore, increases the degree of contrast in the se ...
PDF
... tissue before segmentation and rotation through 90°. Somite widths were therefore measured at the middle of each somite, which is located at the line of flexure lying lateral to the notochord. The number of myotomal cells in each somite was counted from horizontal sections passing through the notoch ...
... tissue before segmentation and rotation through 90°. Somite widths were therefore measured at the middle of each somite, which is located at the line of flexure lying lateral to the notochord. The number of myotomal cells in each somite was counted from horizontal sections passing through the notoch ...
The formation of somites in Xenopus
... tissue before segmentation and rotation through 90°. Somite widths were therefore measured at the middle of each somite, which is located at the line of flexure lying lateral to the notochord. The number of myotomal cells in each somite was counted from horizontal sections passing through the notoch ...
... tissue before segmentation and rotation through 90°. Somite widths were therefore measured at the middle of each somite, which is located at the line of flexure lying lateral to the notochord. The number of myotomal cells in each somite was counted from horizontal sections passing through the notoch ...
Brainstem: neural networks vital for life
... essential bodily functions, the study of the brainstem has been neglected compared with research made on structures such as the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, retina, basal ganglia and spinal cord. 1. WHY HAS THE BRAINSTEM BEEN NEGLECTED? What we mean by saying that the brainstem has been ‘neglect ...
... essential bodily functions, the study of the brainstem has been neglected compared with research made on structures such as the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, retina, basal ganglia and spinal cord. 1. WHY HAS THE BRAINSTEM BEEN NEGLECTED? What we mean by saying that the brainstem has been ‘neglect ...
Nerve Growth Factor and Alzheimer`s Disease
... other and with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin (NT)-3 or NT-4, and they form the neurotrophin family.1,2 Each neurotrophin binds to a corresponding high affinity receptor, TrkA, TrkB or TrkC, and shows various neurotrophic actions, however, causes cell death through a low affi ...
... other and with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin (NT)-3 or NT-4, and they form the neurotrophin family.1,2 Each neurotrophin binds to a corresponding high affinity receptor, TrkA, TrkB or TrkC, and shows various neurotrophic actions, however, causes cell death through a low affi ...
An atlas of notochord and somite morphogenesis in
... widest extent posteriorly to its narrowest extent anteriorly (stage 12+-13, Fig. 1 and stage 13+-14, Fig. 3). The importance of this difference will be discussed later (see Discussion). Higher-magnification micrographs in Xenopus show that notochordal cells are flatter and more tightly packed than t ...
... widest extent posteriorly to its narrowest extent anteriorly (stage 12+-13, Fig. 1 and stage 13+-14, Fig. 3). The importance of this difference will be discussed later (see Discussion). Higher-magnification micrographs in Xenopus show that notochordal cells are flatter and more tightly packed than t ...
Luczak, 2015 - University of Lethbridge
... spontaneously. We suggest that such packets constitute the basic building blocks of cortical coding. Neurons are capable of generating spikes with great temporal precision1. Spike-timing is thought to be important for information processing in a large number of cortical areas (including visual2,3, a ...
... spontaneously. We suggest that such packets constitute the basic building blocks of cortical coding. Neurons are capable of generating spikes with great temporal precision1. Spike-timing is thought to be important for information processing in a large number of cortical areas (including visual2,3, a ...
Coupled Noisy Spiking Neurons as Velocity-Controlled
... One of the two primary classes of models of grid cell spatial firing uses interference between oscillators at dynamically modulated frequencies. Generally, these models are presented in terms of idealized oscillators (modeled as sinusoids), which differ from biological oscillators in multiple import ...
... One of the two primary classes of models of grid cell spatial firing uses interference between oscillators at dynamically modulated frequencies. Generally, these models are presented in terms of idealized oscillators (modeled as sinusoids), which differ from biological oscillators in multiple import ...
The Biological Perspective
... “glue”) cells are often considered the glue that holds the brain together. There are several different types of glial cells that perform various functions, such as getting nutrients to the neurons, cleaning up the remains of neurons that have died, and providing insulation for neurons. Why are the g ...
... “glue”) cells are often considered the glue that holds the brain together. There are several different types of glial cells that perform various functions, such as getting nutrients to the neurons, cleaning up the remains of neurons that have died, and providing insulation for neurons. Why are the g ...
Chapter 3 - University of South Alabama
... _____________ synapse – the net flow of ions make the cell less negative or depolarized. _____________ synapse – the net flow of ions make the cell more negative or hyperpolarized. Revision 2006 PSB ...
... _____________ synapse – the net flow of ions make the cell less negative or depolarized. _____________ synapse – the net flow of ions make the cell more negative or hyperpolarized. Revision 2006 PSB ...