Neuronal activity (c-Fos) delineating interactions of the cerebral
... The cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (BG) form a neural circuit that is disrupted in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. We found that neuronal activity (c-Fos) in the BG followed cortical activity, i.e., high in arousal state and low in sleep state. To determine if cortical activity is necessar ...
... The cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (BG) form a neural circuit that is disrupted in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. We found that neuronal activity (c-Fos) in the BG followed cortical activity, i.e., high in arousal state and low in sleep state. To determine if cortical activity is necessar ...
Mechanisms for Sensing Fat in Food in the Mouth
... This paper summarizes evidence on how fat in food is sensed in the mouth, how the pleasantness of fat texture is represented in the brain (Rolls 2011b), and some of the implications for the design of foods relevant to the prevention and treatment of obesity (Rolls 2011c). This is an important issue, ...
... This paper summarizes evidence on how fat in food is sensed in the mouth, how the pleasantness of fat texture is represented in the brain (Rolls 2011b), and some of the implications for the design of foods relevant to the prevention and treatment of obesity (Rolls 2011c). This is an important issue, ...
Neuronal Activity and Ion Homeostasis in the Hypoxic Brain
... voltage dynamics and action potential generation, synaptic functioning, changes in extra- and intracellular concentrations (ions, molecular messengers, pH), glial uptake and blood flow regulation [8]. However, the dynamics of the interplay of these processes is largely unknown. As a consequence, the ...
... voltage dynamics and action potential generation, synaptic functioning, changes in extra- and intracellular concentrations (ions, molecular messengers, pH), glial uptake and blood flow regulation [8]. However, the dynamics of the interplay of these processes is largely unknown. As a consequence, the ...
Efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus to the amygdala
... We recently found (Usunoff et al., 2006) that the Pbg, an established subcortical visual structure, also projects to a key structure of the limbic system, the Am. The projection from the Pbg to Am might be an element of a third disynaptic connection from the SC to the Am, since this nucleus receives ...
... We recently found (Usunoff et al., 2006) that the Pbg, an established subcortical visual structure, also projects to a key structure of the limbic system, the Am. The projection from the Pbg to Am might be an element of a third disynaptic connection from the SC to the Am, since this nucleus receives ...
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
... simpler networks in developing lower vertebrates may offer insights into basic organization. To investigate the function of spinal inhibitory interneurons in Xenopus tadpoles, paired whole-cell recordings were used. We show directly that one class of interneuron, with distinctive anatomy, produces g ...
... simpler networks in developing lower vertebrates may offer insights into basic organization. To investigate the function of spinal inhibitory interneurons in Xenopus tadpoles, paired whole-cell recordings were used. We show directly that one class of interneuron, with distinctive anatomy, produces g ...
CNS (Ch12)
... • Plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space • Involved in understanding written and spoken language (Wernicke’s area) ...
... • Plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space • Involved in understanding written and spoken language (Wernicke’s area) ...
Krasnow Institute for Advanced Studies -- George
... How are relationships established and broken? How are signals transformed into into symbols? How does the brain generate the incredibly complex colorful, dynamic internal representation that we consciously perceive as external reality? Krasnow Institute for Advanced Studies -- George Mason Universit ...
... How are relationships established and broken? How are signals transformed into into symbols? How does the brain generate the incredibly complex colorful, dynamic internal representation that we consciously perceive as external reality? Krasnow Institute for Advanced Studies -- George Mason Universit ...
Retinal Ganglion Cells Can Rapidly Change Polarity from Off to On
... from On or Off bipolars within their dendritic field. Accordingly, On ganglion cells are excited by an increase of illumination in the receptive field center, and Off ganglion cells by a decrease. In addition, certain ganglion cells draw on both bipolar cell types, and are excited transiently both at ...
... from On or Off bipolars within their dendritic field. Accordingly, On ganglion cells are excited by an increase of illumination in the receptive field center, and Off ganglion cells by a decrease. In addition, certain ganglion cells draw on both bipolar cell types, and are excited transiently both at ...
Sensory responses and movement-related activities in extrinsic
... neurons originate in the antennal lobe of the deutocerebrum (Weiss 1974; Malun et al. 1993), while others originate in the lateral protocerebrum (Nishikawa et al. 1998; Nishino and Mizunami 1998) or the circumesophageal connective (Yamazaki et al. 1998). These extrinsic (input) neurons convey olfact ...
... neurons originate in the antennal lobe of the deutocerebrum (Weiss 1974; Malun et al. 1993), while others originate in the lateral protocerebrum (Nishikawa et al. 1998; Nishino and Mizunami 1998) or the circumesophageal connective (Yamazaki et al. 1998). These extrinsic (input) neurons convey olfact ...
The Distribution and Morphological Characteristics of Serotonergic
... near the end of but not during a bout of REM sleep presumably alerting the brain to be ready to respond to, and act upon, sensory information [Fornal and Jacobs, 1988]. The serotonergic system has been found to project to almost the entire central nervous system [Jacobs and Azmitia, 1992], however, ...
... near the end of but not during a bout of REM sleep presumably alerting the brain to be ready to respond to, and act upon, sensory information [Fornal and Jacobs, 1988]. The serotonergic system has been found to project to almost the entire central nervous system [Jacobs and Azmitia, 1992], however, ...
Auditory Brain Development in Children with Hearing Loss – Part Two
... Stated differently, in the absence of access to intelligible 36[23]:6175). They demonstrated that while some anatomical speech from the primary auditory cortex, the secondary audi fiber tracts among cortical areas and thalamus persist in deaf tory cortex is colonized by the visual system to aid in ...
... Stated differently, in the absence of access to intelligible 36[23]:6175). They demonstrated that while some anatomical speech from the primary auditory cortex, the secondary audi fiber tracts among cortical areas and thalamus persist in deaf tory cortex is colonized by the visual system to aid in ...
Genetic Diversity of Principal Neurons in the Hippocampus
... sleep, leading to a transfer of newly acquired representations from the hippocampus to neocortex to form long-term memories. Recent studies have provided evidence that the hippocampus plays an important role especially in spatial representation and spatial memory in several mammalian species (Moser ...
... sleep, leading to a transfer of newly acquired representations from the hippocampus to neocortex to form long-term memories. Recent studies have provided evidence that the hippocampus plays an important role especially in spatial representation and spatial memory in several mammalian species (Moser ...
PDF
... GCD, ultrastructural studies have revealed multiple terminals within the GCD whose origins have not been determined (Mugnaini et al., 1980b). Of these, there are many so-called mossy fibers, some of which originate in the cuneate nucleus (Wright and Ryugo, 1996). Mossy fibers have a characteristic a ...
... GCD, ultrastructural studies have revealed multiple terminals within the GCD whose origins have not been determined (Mugnaini et al., 1980b). Of these, there are many so-called mossy fibers, some of which originate in the cuneate nucleus (Wright and Ryugo, 1996). Mossy fibers have a characteristic a ...
Processing in layer 4 of the neocortical circuit: new insights from
... by the cortex, we need to understand the nature of the processing undertaken by each layer. A natural starting place is layer 4, the layer in which sensory input first arrives. In recent years, studies in cat primary visual cortex (V1) and rodent primary somatosensory cortex (S1) have converged on i ...
... by the cortex, we need to understand the nature of the processing undertaken by each layer. A natural starting place is layer 4, the layer in which sensory input first arrives. In recent years, studies in cat primary visual cortex (V1) and rodent primary somatosensory cortex (S1) have converged on i ...
BAOJ Neurology
... CA1 pyramidal cells through the ‘Schaffer collaterals’, which are carried out through the fornix into the deep layers of the entorhinal ...
... CA1 pyramidal cells through the ‘Schaffer collaterals’, which are carried out through the fornix into the deep layers of the entorhinal ...
Kandel and Schwartz, 4th Edition Principles of Neural Science Chap
... amygdala in turn activates the autonomic nervous system to prepare the body for action. Finally, brain systems concerned with voluntary movement are recruited to initiate the behavior. The multisensory association areas make connections with higher-order motor centers that compute a program for movi ...
... amygdala in turn activates the autonomic nervous system to prepare the body for action. Finally, brain systems concerned with voluntary movement are recruited to initiate the behavior. The multisensory association areas make connections with higher-order motor centers that compute a program for movi ...
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... receptor gene str-2 (str-2::GFP) (AWCON; right) is shown in green; the other AWC, with no str-2::GFP expression (AWCOFF; left), is shown in red. Within a population of worms, the left-right AWC asymmetry is stochastic, meaning that 50% of the animals display str-2 expression on the right, whereas th ...
... receptor gene str-2 (str-2::GFP) (AWCON; right) is shown in green; the other AWC, with no str-2::GFP expression (AWCOFF; left), is shown in red. Within a population of worms, the left-right AWC asymmetry is stochastic, meaning that 50% of the animals display str-2 expression on the right, whereas th ...
Conduction Velocity and Patellar Reflex Blah A. Blah Parter 1
... the quadriceps. The signal causes the quadriceps to contract and, thus, extend the knee. Lastly, the interneurons not only connect the afferent pathway (sensory) to the efferent pathway (motor) in the spinal cord, but in the spinal cord they also activate the inhibitory synapses of the neurons of ve ...
... the quadriceps. The signal causes the quadriceps to contract and, thus, extend the knee. Lastly, the interneurons not only connect the afferent pathway (sensory) to the efferent pathway (motor) in the spinal cord, but in the spinal cord they also activate the inhibitory synapses of the neurons of ve ...
1-Student`s Refexes
... directly on the anterior horn cell (2) in case of polysynaptic reflexes synapses on a posterior horn cell , which can be (a) at the same spinal segment where the afferent fiber entered the spinal cord , or (b) at an adjacent , higher or lower spinal segment ( after the afferent fiber ascends or de ...
... directly on the anterior horn cell (2) in case of polysynaptic reflexes synapses on a posterior horn cell , which can be (a) at the same spinal segment where the afferent fiber entered the spinal cord , or (b) at an adjacent , higher or lower spinal segment ( after the afferent fiber ascends or de ...
Conduction Velocity and Patellar Reflex Blah A. Blah Partner B
... the quadriceps. The signal causes the quadriceps to contract and, thus, extend the knee. Lastly, the interneurons not only connect the afferent pathway (sensory) to the efferent pathway (motor) in the spinal cord, but in the spinal cord they also activate the inhibitory synapses of the neurons of ve ...
... the quadriceps. The signal causes the quadriceps to contract and, thus, extend the knee. Lastly, the interneurons not only connect the afferent pathway (sensory) to the efferent pathway (motor) in the spinal cord, but in the spinal cord they also activate the inhibitory synapses of the neurons of ve ...
Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons
... approach, while optogenetically activating these neurons induces avoidance behavior. We therefore propose that drive to the M4/6 neurons reflects odor-directed behavioral choice. ...
... approach, while optogenetically activating these neurons induces avoidance behavior. We therefore propose that drive to the M4/6 neurons reflects odor-directed behavioral choice. ...
Effects of acetylcholine on neuronal properties in entorhinal cortex James G. Heys
... there are neurons in the MSDB that express a range of classical neurotransmitters and neurohormones, this review focuses on the population of putative cholinergic neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the separate population of GABAergic neurons expressing GAD, which together compr ...
... there are neurons in the MSDB that express a range of classical neurotransmitters and neurohormones, this review focuses on the population of putative cholinergic neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the separate population of GABAergic neurons expressing GAD, which together compr ...
Some Problems and Principles of Development1 University of
... general fashion, how the ordered progression from adult to egg to adult may be controlled or guided. The diagram also indicates that formation of the egg, as well as its development into an adult, is under control of guidelines, both internal and external to the system. What is the nature of these s ...
... general fashion, how the ordered progression from adult to egg to adult may be controlled or guided. The diagram also indicates that formation of the egg, as well as its development into an adult, is under control of guidelines, both internal and external to the system. What is the nature of these s ...