Bystander Attenuation Of Neuronal And Astrocyte
... Astrocytes respond to and release transmitters such as glutamate and extracellular ATP through increases in intracellular Ca2+ [25-28]. Astrocytes modulate synaptic activity and respond to the release of transmitters from neurons [25, 27, 29, 30]. Astrocytes communicate with one another; intercellul ...
... Astrocytes respond to and release transmitters such as glutamate and extracellular ATP through increases in intracellular Ca2+ [25-28]. Astrocytes modulate synaptic activity and respond to the release of transmitters from neurons [25, 27, 29, 30]. Astrocytes communicate with one another; intercellul ...
Distinct Isoforms of the RFX Transcription Factor DAF
... boda et al., 2000). These neurons are the major source of input for environmental signals for the worm. daf-19 mutant worms are completely devoid of ciliated structures and are consequently unable to respond to environmental signals such as food, dauer pheromone, or nose touch (Perkins et al., 1986) ...
... boda et al., 2000). These neurons are the major source of input for environmental signals for the worm. daf-19 mutant worms are completely devoid of ciliated structures and are consequently unable to respond to environmental signals such as food, dauer pheromone, or nose touch (Perkins et al., 1986) ...
A Neuronal Model of Predictive Coding Accounting for the
... This comparison is achieved at the level of a population of neurons called the “prediction error” population, which receives two sets of inputs: excitatory inputs coming from the thalamus and conveying the current sensory stimulus, and inhibitory inputs that reflect the activity of the predictive po ...
... This comparison is achieved at the level of a population of neurons called the “prediction error” population, which receives two sets of inputs: excitatory inputs coming from the thalamus and conveying the current sensory stimulus, and inhibitory inputs that reflect the activity of the predictive po ...
Muscle Coordination 1 Changes in Muscle Coordination with
... muscles of the upper limb result in greater increases in torque than equivalent changes in the firing rate of cells that project to the extensor muscles (15). This is also consistent with the observation that a smaller proportion of flexor motor units must be activated in order to produce a given le ...
... muscles of the upper limb result in greater increases in torque than equivalent changes in the firing rate of cells that project to the extensor muscles (15). This is also consistent with the observation that a smaller proportion of flexor motor units must be activated in order to produce a given le ...
Evolutionary roots offreedom
... tum leap. All relevant variables (complexity, time, "vocabulary," and so on) increase by several orders of magnitude. Along with it, variability increases immensely, so do the options for choice among alternatives. In fact, those comparative increases over other species are so large that the argumen ...
... tum leap. All relevant variables (complexity, time, "vocabulary," and so on) increase by several orders of magnitude. Along with it, variability increases immensely, so do the options for choice among alternatives. In fact, those comparative increases over other species are so large that the argumen ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae (backbone) asit passesdown the vertebral canal. The spinal cord terminates between the first two lumbar vertebrae in most adults. Neurons in the spinal cord are also functionally arranged so that areas dealing with the same types of information are group ...
... The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae (backbone) asit passesdown the vertebral canal. The spinal cord terminates between the first two lumbar vertebrae in most adults. Neurons in the spinal cord are also functionally arranged so that areas dealing with the same types of information are group ...
Action, time and the basal ganglia - Philosophical Transactions of
... essentially a static phenomenon that does not require the active engagement of the brain. But as shown by centuries of clinical observations, the control of posture or body configuration is an essential function of the nervous system, from the spinal cord to the brain. It is an active control proces ...
... essentially a static phenomenon that does not require the active engagement of the brain. But as shown by centuries of clinical observations, the control of posture or body configuration is an essential function of the nervous system, from the spinal cord to the brain. It is an active control proces ...
Morphometric Studies of the Neuropathological Changes in
... cortex were measured . All data obtained were corrected by the shrinkage factor to represent fresh brain values . In Huntington's chorea the pallidum was more severely affected than is commonly appreciated . The average volume reduction was of the same degree (lateral 57 %, medial -50 %) as that of ...
... cortex were measured . All data obtained were corrected by the shrinkage factor to represent fresh brain values . In Huntington's chorea the pallidum was more severely affected than is commonly appreciated . The average volume reduction was of the same degree (lateral 57 %, medial -50 %) as that of ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae (backbone) asit passesdown the vertebral canal. The spinal cord terminates between the first two lumbar vertebrae in most adults. Neurons in the spinal cord are also functionally arranged so that areas dealing with the same types of information are group ...
... The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae (backbone) asit passesdown the vertebral canal. The spinal cord terminates between the first two lumbar vertebrae in most adults. Neurons in the spinal cord are also functionally arranged so that areas dealing with the same types of information are group ...
No Slide Title
... constricting some vessels but dilating others? – Effects determined by types of neurotransmitters released and types of receptors found on target cells ...
... constricting some vessels but dilating others? – Effects determined by types of neurotransmitters released and types of receptors found on target cells ...
SCENTS AND SENSIBILITY: A MOLECULAR LOGIC OF OLFACTORY PERCEPTION
... (17,18,19,50,67). The invertebrate, C. elegans, with only 302 neurons and 16 olfactory sensory neurons expresses about 1000 odorant receptor genes (20,21). These experiments provide a solution to the first question; we recognize the vast array of molecular structures defined as odorants by maintaini ...
... (17,18,19,50,67). The invertebrate, C. elegans, with only 302 neurons and 16 olfactory sensory neurons expresses about 1000 odorant receptor genes (20,21). These experiments provide a solution to the first question; we recognize the vast array of molecular structures defined as odorants by maintaini ...
Read Here
... Homeostatic control of breathing, heart rate, and body temperature relies on circuits within the brainstem modulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT). Mounting evidence points to specialized neuronal subtypes within the serotonergic neuronal system, borne out in functional studies, for the m ...
... Homeostatic control of breathing, heart rate, and body temperature relies on circuits within the brainstem modulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT). Mounting evidence points to specialized neuronal subtypes within the serotonergic neuronal system, borne out in functional studies, for the m ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... representations of future visual images may influence dopamine neuron activity as if the saccade had already been executed, and thus the dopamine response may start slightly before the saccade. The Extended TD model computes such predictive signals and uses them to select goal-directed actions in a ...
... representations of future visual images may influence dopamine neuron activity as if the saccade had already been executed, and thus the dopamine response may start slightly before the saccade. The Extended TD model computes such predictive signals and uses them to select goal-directed actions in a ...
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
... Similar NOS-IR neurons were present around the central canal in the lower lumbar segments close to the subependymal layer (lamina X) and along the lateral margin of the intermediate zone (lamina VII). The most pronounced somatic NOS-IR was found in the internal basal nucleus of Cajal located along t ...
... Similar NOS-IR neurons were present around the central canal in the lower lumbar segments close to the subependymal layer (lamina X) and along the lateral margin of the intermediate zone (lamina VII). The most pronounced somatic NOS-IR was found in the internal basal nucleus of Cajal located along t ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
NIH Public Access
... plasticity at the synaptic level may underlie a certain degree of recovery seen even in the absence of treatments (i.e., learning to use spared neuronal circuitry in new ways). CNS regeneration studies do not always distinguish between these different mechanisms, and, for the purpose of this discuss ...
... plasticity at the synaptic level may underlie a certain degree of recovery seen even in the absence of treatments (i.e., learning to use spared neuronal circuitry in new ways). CNS regeneration studies do not always distinguish between these different mechanisms, and, for the purpose of this discuss ...
Neurons, Brain Chemistry, and Neurotransmission
... synaptic cleft. An average neuron forms approximately 1,000 synapses with other neurons. It has been estimated that there are more synapses in the human brain than there are stars in our galaxy. Furthermore, synaptic connections are not static. Neurons form new synapses or strengthen synaptic connec ...
... synaptic cleft. An average neuron forms approximately 1,000 synapses with other neurons. It has been estimated that there are more synapses in the human brain than there are stars in our galaxy. Furthermore, synaptic connections are not static. Neurons form new synapses or strengthen synaptic connec ...
Synchronous Oscillatory Neural Ensembles for Rules in the
... networks of neurons: beta synchrony selects the relevant network while alpha may de-select the irrelevant, but dominant, network so that a weaker, relevant, one can be established. Similar dual mechanisms may bias competition between stimuli during focal attention, leading to highfrequency synchroni ...
... networks of neurons: beta synchrony selects the relevant network while alpha may de-select the irrelevant, but dominant, network so that a weaker, relevant, one can be established. Similar dual mechanisms may bias competition between stimuli during focal attention, leading to highfrequency synchroni ...
The role of early visual cortex in visual integration: a neural model of
... mechanism that can be implemented by the early retinotopic visual areas. On the other hand, when both target and distractors are composed of similar elementary features, the amount of time required to distinguish between them increases linearly with the number of distractors. This is said to suggest ...
... mechanism that can be implemented by the early retinotopic visual areas. On the other hand, when both target and distractors are composed of similar elementary features, the amount of time required to distinguish between them increases linearly with the number of distractors. This is said to suggest ...
Time Constants of h Current in Layer II Stellate Cells... along the Dorsal to Ventral Axis of Medial Entorhinal Cortex
... pH adjusted to 7.3 with KOH. The intracellular solution contained 0.1% biocytin for morphological identification and staining of the cells. Cells were visualized on an upright microscope (Axioskop; Carl Zeiss) equipped with a 40⫻ water-immersion objective lenses (Carl Zeiss). With this equipment, th ...
... pH adjusted to 7.3 with KOH. The intracellular solution contained 0.1% biocytin for morphological identification and staining of the cells. Cells were visualized on an upright microscope (Axioskop; Carl Zeiss) equipped with a 40⫻ water-immersion objective lenses (Carl Zeiss). With this equipment, th ...
Visual and Oculomotor Functions of Monkey Subthalamic Nucleus
... of the guide tube wasperformedunder anesthesiawith ketathat monkey must fixate after the central fixation point went off (saccade task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while t ...
... of the guide tube wasperformedunder anesthesiawith ketathat monkey must fixate after the central fixation point went off (saccade task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while t ...
LYRICA (pregabalin) eLearning System
... The nervous system is central to a myriad of complex, interrelated functions, including thought, mood, perception of pain and other sensory input, regulation of sleep, and control of movement. The interactions among the functional components of the nervous system are central to its effective functio ...
... The nervous system is central to a myriad of complex, interrelated functions, including thought, mood, perception of pain and other sensory input, regulation of sleep, and control of movement. The interactions among the functional components of the nervous system are central to its effective functio ...
Massively Parallel Recording of Unit and Local Field
... presence of multiple-unit discharges at several sites helped identify the pyramidal and granule cell layers. Large-amplitude field ripples (140 –200 Hz) during immobility provided additional information for the identification of CA1 pyramidal layer (Buzsáki et al. 1992). At the termination of the e ...
... presence of multiple-unit discharges at several sites helped identify the pyramidal and granule cell layers. Large-amplitude field ripples (140 –200 Hz) during immobility provided additional information for the identification of CA1 pyramidal layer (Buzsáki et al. 1992). At the termination of the e ...