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... • Formation of the placenta from embryonic and maternal tissues 1. Embryonic tissues • Mesoderm cells develop from the inner cell mass and line the trophoblast • Together these form the chorion and ...
... • Formation of the placenta from embryonic and maternal tissues 1. Embryonic tissues • Mesoderm cells develop from the inner cell mass and line the trophoblast • Together these form the chorion and ...
Early Microglial Activation Precedes Neuronal Loss in Mouse Model of Progressive
... a severe loss of cerebellar granule neurons due to apoptotic death. Widespread gliosis accompanied by increased expression of apoptosis- and glial activation-related genes have been also reported in aged Cstbj/j mice (11Y13). Deficiency of Cstb on either seizure-prone or seizure-resistant backgrounds ...
... a severe loss of cerebellar granule neurons due to apoptotic death. Widespread gliosis accompanied by increased expression of apoptosis- and glial activation-related genes have been also reported in aged Cstbj/j mice (11Y13). Deficiency of Cstb on either seizure-prone or seizure-resistant backgrounds ...
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... end of the streak. The transplant which later formed the mesoderm of the posterior limb-bud was more posteriorly positioned; it was adjacent to the primitive streak, and extended anteriorly and laterally into the lateral plate mesoderm (embryo 23, Table 1, Fig. IE, G). This position corresponded wit ...
... end of the streak. The transplant which later formed the mesoderm of the posterior limb-bud was more posteriorly positioned; it was adjacent to the primitive streak, and extended anteriorly and laterally into the lateral plate mesoderm (embryo 23, Table 1, Fig. IE, G). This position corresponded wit ...
The origin and movement of the limb-bud epithelium
... end of the streak. The transplant which later formed the mesoderm of the posterior limb-bud was more posteriorly positioned; it was adjacent to the primitive streak, and extended anteriorly and laterally into the lateral plate mesoderm (embryo 23, Table 1, Fig. IE, G). This position corresponded wit ...
... end of the streak. The transplant which later formed the mesoderm of the posterior limb-bud was more posteriorly positioned; it was adjacent to the primitive streak, and extended anteriorly and laterally into the lateral plate mesoderm (embryo 23, Table 1, Fig. IE, G). This position corresponded wit ...
Bissonette Gregory B, Gentry Ronny N, Padmala Srikanth, Pessoa L
... words, ABL neurons increase firing when outcomes are unexpectedly delivered or omitted, events that are highly salient and attention grabbing. We have shown that activity in ABL increases when rewards are unexpectedly delivered (appetitive) or omitted (aversive) in a task in which expected reward va ...
... words, ABL neurons increase firing when outcomes are unexpectedly delivered or omitted, events that are highly salient and attention grabbing. We have shown that activity in ABL increases when rewards are unexpectedly delivered (appetitive) or omitted (aversive) in a task in which expected reward va ...
vited Re vie w ln Substance P: A neurotransmitter of
... and radioligands that are specific enough to discriminate between the different mammalian tachykinins. In addition, the presence of SP need not imply the presence of a receptor for SP at any particular site. Of course both the ligand and the receptor are required for activity, however there is no ap ...
... and radioligands that are specific enough to discriminate between the different mammalian tachykinins. In addition, the presence of SP need not imply the presence of a receptor for SP at any particular site. Of course both the ligand and the receptor are required for activity, however there is no ap ...
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish
... and filming, they were first anesthetized in a solution containing 0.01% MS222 (Sigma). Low-melting-point (26°C) agarose (0.5–1.0%; Gibco BRL) was added to a separate vial containing embryo medium with MS222 and dissolved by heating to 50°C in a water bath. The dissolved agarose was then cooled to 3 ...
... and filming, they were first anesthetized in a solution containing 0.01% MS222 (Sigma). Low-melting-point (26°C) agarose (0.5–1.0%; Gibco BRL) was added to a separate vial containing embryo medium with MS222 and dissolved by heating to 50°C in a water bath. The dissolved agarose was then cooled to 3 ...
... 1. Introduction The study of neurons as the functional component of the nervous system began in 1873 when Camillo Golgi developed a staining technique that made them visible to researchers using microscopes [1]. Combined with the work of Santiago Ramón y Cajal these scientists laid the foundation fo ...
Bursting Neurons Signal Input Slope
... motion discrimination task, the burst rate was found to reflect the direction of visual stimulus better than the average firing rate (Bair et al., 1994). In vitro, bursts of pyramidal neurons were found to underlie population synchrony in the cortex (Silva et al., 1991) and the hippocampus (Miles et ...
... motion discrimination task, the burst rate was found to reflect the direction of visual stimulus better than the average firing rate (Bair et al., 1994). In vitro, bursts of pyramidal neurons were found to underlie population synchrony in the cortex (Silva et al., 1991) and the hippocampus (Miles et ...
Larval Development, the Origin of the Coelom and - diss.fu
... Bartolomaeus 2001, Freeman & Martindale 2002, Santagata 2004, Temereva & Malakhov 2006). There is general agreement that the process of mesoderm formation occurs in two successive but distinct events: the first one occurs shortly before or immediately after gastrulation, the second phase occurs afte ...
... Bartolomaeus 2001, Freeman & Martindale 2002, Santagata 2004, Temereva & Malakhov 2006). There is general agreement that the process of mesoderm formation occurs in two successive but distinct events: the first one occurs shortly before or immediately after gastrulation, the second phase occurs afte ...
Parallel Transformation of Tactile Signals in Central Circuits of
... segmented within each imaging plane to identify individual neuronal cell bodies. ROIs in adjacent z-planes with greater than 50% xy overlap were considered to be part of the same neuron. For each neuron that spanned multiple z planes, only the largest 2-D ROI (within a single z-plane) was included f ...
... segmented within each imaging plane to identify individual neuronal cell bodies. ROIs in adjacent z-planes with greater than 50% xy overlap were considered to be part of the same neuron. For each neuron that spanned multiple z planes, only the largest 2-D ROI (within a single z-plane) was included f ...
Contributions of the Basal Amygdala Nuclei to Conditioned Fear
... BL–BM lesions had no effect, revealed that postconditioning lesions led to the abolition of conditioned fear responses (AngladaFigueroa and Quirk, 2005). This pattern of results suggested that in an intact brain, the basal nuclei are at least required to relay potentiated CS-evoked LA responses to C ...
... BL–BM lesions had no effect, revealed that postconditioning lesions led to the abolition of conditioned fear responses (AngladaFigueroa and Quirk, 2005). This pattern of results suggested that in an intact brain, the basal nuclei are at least required to relay potentiated CS-evoked LA responses to C ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
... MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA). Only trials in which the monkey maintained its gaze within the boundary of the stimulus images for the required time were included in the analysis. For each image presentation, two time intervals were considered: a baseline interval, 1 s immediately before the ons ...
... MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA). Only trials in which the monkey maintained its gaze within the boundary of the stimulus images for the required time were included in the analysis. For each image presentation, two time intervals were considered: a baseline interval, 1 s immediately before the ons ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... transported tracers into the SC in order to label neurons in cortex.14–18 Studies based on injections in the SC allow the magnitudes and visuotopic pattern of projections of different cortical areas to be directly compared, as corticotectal neurons in a number of areas are labeled by each injection ...
... transported tracers into the SC in order to label neurons in cortex.14–18 Studies based on injections in the SC allow the magnitudes and visuotopic pattern of projections of different cortical areas to be directly compared, as corticotectal neurons in a number of areas are labeled by each injection ...
The Glia Response after Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Comparison
... SCs can populate peripheral nerves, they must proceed through three stages of development; (1) SC precursors (SCPs); (2) immature SCs (iSCs); and (3) myelinating (mSCs) or non-myelinating (nmSCs) SCs [19]. Firstly, neural crest cells will develop into SCPs (14–15 of gestation in rats; days 12–13 in ...
... SCs can populate peripheral nerves, they must proceed through three stages of development; (1) SC precursors (SCPs); (2) immature SCs (iSCs); and (3) myelinating (mSCs) or non-myelinating (nmSCs) SCs [19]. Firstly, neural crest cells will develop into SCPs (14–15 of gestation in rats; days 12–13 in ...
Depolarization stimulates lamellipodia formation and
... Electric activity is known to have profound effects on growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth, but the nature of the response varies strongly between neurons derived from different species or brain areas. To establish the role of electric activity in neurite outgrowth and neuronal morphogenesi ...
... Electric activity is known to have profound effects on growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth, but the nature of the response varies strongly between neurons derived from different species or brain areas. To establish the role of electric activity in neurite outgrowth and neuronal morphogenesi ...
Thalamic Circuit Diversity: Modulation of the Driver/Modulator
... terminals with round vesicles (RS; Guillery, 1969) that are defined as modulators (Sherman and Guillery, 1998). RS terminals that originate from cortex layer VI converge on small caliber (distal) dendrites (depicted by the gray terminals surrounding a section of dendrite, pink, modified from Robson ...
... terminals with round vesicles (RS; Guillery, 1969) that are defined as modulators (Sherman and Guillery, 1998). RS terminals that originate from cortex layer VI converge on small caliber (distal) dendrites (depicted by the gray terminals surrounding a section of dendrite, pink, modified from Robson ...
Cholecystokinin Modulates Migration of
... Laser capture microdissection and RT-nested PCR on tissue–specific regions. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) permits cells to be isolated (“captured”) from tissue sections for molecular analyses. In this study, olfactory epithelium (OE), vomeronasal organ (VNO) epithelium, and pituitary (Pit) wer ...
... Laser capture microdissection and RT-nested PCR on tissue–specific regions. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) permits cells to be isolated (“captured”) from tissue sections for molecular analyses. In this study, olfactory epithelium (OE), vomeronasal organ (VNO) epithelium, and pituitary (Pit) wer ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and with mo ...
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and with mo ...
Chemosensory pathways in the brainstem controlling
... Cardiorespiratory activity is controlled by a network of neurons located within the lower brainstem. The basic rhythm of breathing is generated by neuronal circuits within the medullary pre-Bötzinger complex, modulated by pontine and other inputs from cell groups within the medulla oblongata and th ...
... Cardiorespiratory activity is controlled by a network of neurons located within the lower brainstem. The basic rhythm of breathing is generated by neuronal circuits within the medullary pre-Bötzinger complex, modulated by pontine and other inputs from cell groups within the medulla oblongata and th ...
Hypothalamus - aHuman Project
... ¾How does it all come together? • Increased blood osmolarity causes osmosensitive OVLT neurons to shrink • TRPV1 channels open, leading to depolarisation and eventually firing of OVLT neurons (graded response) • OVLT neurons make monosynaptic glutamatergic contacts with supra-optic nuclei neurons • ...
... ¾How does it all come together? • Increased blood osmolarity causes osmosensitive OVLT neurons to shrink • TRPV1 channels open, leading to depolarisation and eventually firing of OVLT neurons (graded response) • OVLT neurons make monosynaptic glutamatergic contacts with supra-optic nuclei neurons • ...
Coordinate Roles for LIM Homeobox Genes in Directing the
... early lethality of Lim1tlz mutants, we generated ES cells in which both copies of the Lim1 gene carried the Lim1tlz insertion and used these ES cells to generate mutant ↔ wild-type chimeric embryos. ES cells contribute selectively to definitive embryonic tissues (Beddington and Robertson, 1989), and ...
... early lethality of Lim1tlz mutants, we generated ES cells in which both copies of the Lim1 gene carried the Lim1tlz insertion and used these ES cells to generate mutant ↔ wild-type chimeric embryos. ES cells contribute selectively to definitive embryonic tissues (Beddington and Robertson, 1989), and ...
Independent and Convergent Signals From the Pontomedullary
... that serve to stabilize the body or body segment during the execution of the movement itself. These postural responses are also anticipatory in nature because they occur before there is any possibility of feedback from the movement itself influencing the response (Massion 1992). They are referred to ...
... that serve to stabilize the body or body segment during the execution of the movement itself. These postural responses are also anticipatory in nature because they occur before there is any possibility of feedback from the movement itself influencing the response (Massion 1992). They are referred to ...
Neuromodulation and cortical function: BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN
... form cortex. Sensory information arriving in the cortex from various peripheral structures commonly enters the cortex via fast, presumably glutamatergic or aspartergic synapses (see [43] and [ 941 for review). Release of glutamate elicits excitatory postsynaptic currents due to activation of AMPA an ...
... form cortex. Sensory information arriving in the cortex from various peripheral structures commonly enters the cortex via fast, presumably glutamatergic or aspartergic synapses (see [43] and [ 941 for review). Release of glutamate elicits excitatory postsynaptic currents due to activation of AMPA an ...