Structure of the plasma membrane T2T
... The portions of an integral membrane protein found inside the membrane are hydrophobic, while those that are exposed to the cytoplasm or extracellular fluid tend to be hydrophilic. Transmembrane proteins may cross the membrane just once, or may have as many as twelve different membrane-spanning sect ...
... The portions of an integral membrane protein found inside the membrane are hydrophobic, while those that are exposed to the cytoplasm or extracellular fluid tend to be hydrophilic. Transmembrane proteins may cross the membrane just once, or may have as many as twelve different membrane-spanning sect ...
Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole`s Human Anatomy and Physiology
... calcium and bicarbonate ions and lesser concentrations of potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate ions. 2. The blood plasma fraction of extracellular fluid contains considerably more protein than interstitial fluid or lymph. 3. Intracellular fluid has high concentrations of potassium, phosphate ...
... calcium and bicarbonate ions and lesser concentrations of potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate ions. 2. The blood plasma fraction of extracellular fluid contains considerably more protein than interstitial fluid or lymph. 3. Intracellular fluid has high concentrations of potassium, phosphate ...
Chapter 7 Review Sheet
... is a amino acid based hormone. This particular animation does not show genes being turned on and off, but remember that they usually are in response to a hormone signal. ...
... is a amino acid based hormone. This particular animation does not show genes being turned on and off, but remember that they usually are in response to a hormone signal. ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... synaptic cleft side of the membrane of the motor end plate and more negative charge inside the muscle cell. When the chemically regulated ion channel opens, this charge reverses so now there is more negative charge in the synaptic cleft and more positive charge inside the cell. This occurs because m ...
... synaptic cleft side of the membrane of the motor end plate and more negative charge inside the muscle cell. When the chemically regulated ion channel opens, this charge reverses so now there is more negative charge in the synaptic cleft and more positive charge inside the cell. This occurs because m ...
Document
... Anatomically based networks use specific neurotransmitters Inhibitory neurons frequently use dopamine and GABA Excitatory neurons frequently use glutamate and acetylcholine ...
... Anatomically based networks use specific neurotransmitters Inhibitory neurons frequently use dopamine and GABA Excitatory neurons frequently use glutamate and acetylcholine ...
File: Chap011, Chapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue
... Which of the following is true? A) The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to Na+ than K+. B) The resting membrane potential never reaches an equilibrium point. C) The resting membrane potential is proportional to the tendency for K+ to diffuse out of the cell. D) Negatively charged Cl- ions a ...
... Which of the following is true? A) The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to Na+ than K+. B) The resting membrane potential never reaches an equilibrium point. C) The resting membrane potential is proportional to the tendency for K+ to diffuse out of the cell. D) Negatively charged Cl- ions a ...
Modes of Membrane Transport
... – 2 substances are moved in opposite directions • Some carriers passively transport substances down their respective concentration gradient • Other carriers actively transport substances up their respective concentration gradient – carriers called pumps hydrolyze a molecule of ATP and use the energy ...
... – 2 substances are moved in opposite directions • Some carriers passively transport substances down their respective concentration gradient • Other carriers actively transport substances up their respective concentration gradient – carriers called pumps hydrolyze a molecule of ATP and use the energy ...
Solutions
... – 2 substances are moved in opposite directions • Some carriers passively transport substances down their respective concentration gradient • Other carriers actively transport substances up their respective concentration gradient – carriers called pumps hydrolyze a molecule of ATP and use the energy ...
... – 2 substances are moved in opposite directions • Some carriers passively transport substances down their respective concentration gradient • Other carriers actively transport substances up their respective concentration gradient – carriers called pumps hydrolyze a molecule of ATP and use the energy ...
Unit 1 – Nervous and Endocrine System
... (f) ____ The neurotransmitter substance fits into receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane. (g) ____Synaptic vesicles dump neurotransmitter substance into the synaptic cleft. ...
... (f) ____ The neurotransmitter substance fits into receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane. (g) ____Synaptic vesicles dump neurotransmitter substance into the synaptic cleft. ...
Cell Shapes
... Leslie boiled a hen’s egg (a cell), placed it in beet juice for some days, and then opened it and saw the red coloration in the egg. What process took place: diffusion, active transport, or phagocytosis? • Diffusion since the material went down a concentration gradient of a dead cell. Active transp ...
... Leslie boiled a hen’s egg (a cell), placed it in beet juice for some days, and then opened it and saw the red coloration in the egg. What process took place: diffusion, active transport, or phagocytosis? • Diffusion since the material went down a concentration gradient of a dead cell. Active transp ...
Transport-Properties
... Discussions of transport properties have taken place without including a potential energy term. Condensed phases - the potential energy contribution is important. ...
... Discussions of transport properties have taken place without including a potential energy term. Condensed phases - the potential energy contribution is important. ...
EXAM 2
... D. 2V E. -2 V 5. In the circuit shown capacitor C1 = 2nF is first charged by closing of switch S, and connecting it to battery of V = 21 V. Switch S1 is then opened, and charged capacitor is connected to the uncharged capacitor C2 = 5nC by closing switch S2. The final charge on C2 is A. 10 nC B. 20 ...
... D. 2V E. -2 V 5. In the circuit shown capacitor C1 = 2nF is first charged by closing of switch S, and connecting it to battery of V = 21 V. Switch S1 is then opened, and charged capacitor is connected to the uncharged capacitor C2 = 5nC by closing switch S2. The final charge on C2 is A. 10 nC B. 20 ...
Nerve Impulse Transmission
... carry it toward the cell body, which contains the nucleus. • The axon carries the impulse from the cell body toward the synaptic knobs where it will be transferred to other neurons. ...
... carry it toward the cell body, which contains the nucleus. • The axon carries the impulse from the cell body toward the synaptic knobs where it will be transferred to other neurons. ...
Nervous System
... • During this process, Na+ moves to the inside of the axon during the depolarization phase (-65mV +40mV) • K + moves to the outside of the axon during the repolarization phase. (+40mV -65mV) • Review Fig. 34.5, pages 651 in Johnson and Losos ...
... • During this process, Na+ moves to the inside of the axon during the depolarization phase (-65mV +40mV) • K + moves to the outside of the axon during the repolarization phase. (+40mV -65mV) • Review Fig. 34.5, pages 651 in Johnson and Losos ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation and the Chemiosmotic Theory
... from the matrix at the inside surface of the inner membrane, and the release of H+ at the outside surface (Figures 2 and 4). Protons are effectively moved (or "pumped") outwards across the inner membrane using energy released in the electron transport reactions. The movement of H+ makes the outer aq ...
... from the matrix at the inside surface of the inner membrane, and the release of H+ at the outside surface (Figures 2 and 4). Protons are effectively moved (or "pumped") outwards across the inner membrane using energy released in the electron transport reactions. The movement of H+ makes the outer aq ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.