The Nervous System
... -parietal lobe receives and evaluates most sensory information -occipital lobe receives and integrates visual input -temporal lobe evaluates smells and sounds and is important in memory Membrane potential -Membrane potential (unequal charge) arises from different ion concentrations inside and outsid ...
... -parietal lobe receives and evaluates most sensory information -occipital lobe receives and integrates visual input -temporal lobe evaluates smells and sounds and is important in memory Membrane potential -Membrane potential (unequal charge) arises from different ion concentrations inside and outsid ...
Neurons & Nervous Systems
... plasma membrane – membrane potential – resting potential in unstimulated neurons • -60 mV – action potential • a brief reversal of membrane polarity • can be transmitted along a neuronal axon ...
... plasma membrane – membrane potential – resting potential in unstimulated neurons • -60 mV – action potential • a brief reversal of membrane polarity • can be transmitted along a neuronal axon ...
Nervous System Student Notes File
... 3. ______________________________________- a chemical called a ______________________________ is released from the presynaptic cell and binds to receptors on a postynaptic cells causing it to fire a) An action potential arriving at the _________________________________at the end of an axon causes Ca ...
... 3. ______________________________________- a chemical called a ______________________________ is released from the presynaptic cell and binds to receptors on a postynaptic cells causing it to fire a) An action potential arriving at the _________________________________at the end of an axon causes Ca ...
Membrane potential
... • Sodium (Na+) – Concentration inside the neuron is lower than the concentration outside ...
... • Sodium (Na+) – Concentration inside the neuron is lower than the concentration outside ...
ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPULSE
... When the nerve became excited, the potential went up to 40 mV and this was termed the action potential. The action potential did not last long and the nerve cell went back to its resting potential. It has been found that it is the movement of positive ions that causes the potential to change in a ne ...
... When the nerve became excited, the potential went up to 40 mV and this was termed the action potential. The action potential did not last long and the nerve cell went back to its resting potential. It has been found that it is the movement of positive ions that causes the potential to change in a ne ...
Neural Modeling
... • Cells that have the ability to transmit action potentials are called ‘excitable cells’. • The action potentials are initiated by inputs from the dendrites arriving at the axon hillock, where the axon meets the soma. • Then they travel down the axon to terminal branches which have synapses to the n ...
... • Cells that have the ability to transmit action potentials are called ‘excitable cells’. • The action potentials are initiated by inputs from the dendrites arriving at the axon hillock, where the axon meets the soma. • Then they travel down the axon to terminal branches which have synapses to the n ...
August 24, 2010 Dr. Cynthia Smas Distinguish the major kinetic
... 4. Describe how the Na/K ATPase primary active transporter functions to drive secondary active transport of glucose. Understand the concept of symporters and antiporters a. Cells must maintain electrochemical gradients to function b. Na/K ATPase pumps use ATP to pump Na and K each against their esta ...
... 4. Describe how the Na/K ATPase primary active transporter functions to drive secondary active transport of glucose. Understand the concept of symporters and antiporters a. Cells must maintain electrochemical gradients to function b. Na/K ATPase pumps use ATP to pump Na and K each against their esta ...
Cell Physiology
... Movement from high to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient Equilibrium - concentration is equal/balanced. ...
... Movement from high to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient Equilibrium - concentration is equal/balanced. ...
Plasma Membrane Transport
... • The cell will gain water and grow larger. In plant cells, the central vacuoles will fill and the plant becomes stiff and rigid, the cell wall keeps the plant from bursting • In animal cells, the cell may be in danger of bursting, organelles called CONTRACTILE VACUOLES will pump water out of the ce ...
... • The cell will gain water and grow larger. In plant cells, the central vacuoles will fill and the plant becomes stiff and rigid, the cell wall keeps the plant from bursting • In animal cells, the cell may be in danger of bursting, organelles called CONTRACTILE VACUOLES will pump water out of the ce ...
Transmembrane Transport of Ions and Small Molecules
... • The animal cell plasma membrane resting potential is generated by the ATP-powered Na+/K+ pump and nongated K+ channels. • The structure and chemical nature of a channel pore lowers the activation energy for passage of a specific ion over other ions, which may be even smaller. • Patch-clamping tech ...
... • The animal cell plasma membrane resting potential is generated by the ATP-powered Na+/K+ pump and nongated K+ channels. • The structure and chemical nature of a channel pore lowers the activation energy for passage of a specific ion over other ions, which may be even smaller. • Patch-clamping tech ...
Ch 8 Neurons and Network properties part-1
... Now let’s try to think about a living excitable cell… ...
... Now let’s try to think about a living excitable cell… ...
Chapter 1: The Biochemical Basis of life
... Membrane potential – is the electrical potential of a membrane, which is caused by an imbalance of charges on either side of the membrane. Ion channel – is a protein embedded in the plasma membrane that allows ions to pass through it. Cells maintain a positive and negative charge across their plasma ...
... Membrane potential – is the electrical potential of a membrane, which is caused by an imbalance of charges on either side of the membrane. Ion channel – is a protein embedded in the plasma membrane that allows ions to pass through it. Cells maintain a positive and negative charge across their plasma ...
Describe how action potentials are generated and
... – Chemically gated/ligand gated channels – open with binding of a specific chemical (neurotransmitter) – Voltage-gated channels – open and close in response to changes in membrane potential – Mechanically gated channels – open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors (e.g. touch or ...
... – Chemically gated/ligand gated channels – open with binding of a specific chemical (neurotransmitter) – Voltage-gated channels – open and close in response to changes in membrane potential – Mechanically gated channels – open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors (e.g. touch or ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.