Chapter 48: Nervous System
... Neurotransmitter binds to channel (the receptor), it opens and allows ions to diffuse across the membrane Result- postsynaptic potential (change in membrane potential) Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) membrane potential brought down to threshold Inhibitiory postsynaptic potentials (IPS ...
... Neurotransmitter binds to channel (the receptor), it opens and allows ions to diffuse across the membrane Result- postsynaptic potential (change in membrane potential) Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) membrane potential brought down to threshold Inhibitiory postsynaptic potentials (IPS ...
Action Potential
... favors remaining associated with water and hydrated ion is too large to fit through the selectivity filter. ...
... favors remaining associated with water and hydrated ion is too large to fit through the selectivity filter. ...
Chapter 5 Lesson 1 and 2 PPt
... the membrane and organelles interact with water-based solutions. • Hydrophobic inside limits what can enter or exit the cell. • Cell membrane is also called the plasma membrane ...
... the membrane and organelles interact with water-based solutions. • Hydrophobic inside limits what can enter or exit the cell. • Cell membrane is also called the plasma membrane ...
HOMEOSTASIS AND CELL TRANSPORT NOTES SOLUTIONS
... A _____________________ gradient is caused by the concentration of molecules inside the cell being ________________ from the outside of the cell or just different concentrations ______________________. ...
... A _____________________ gradient is caused by the concentration of molecules inside the cell being ________________ from the outside of the cell or just different concentrations ______________________. ...
Neurons
... inside along the membrane, is the basis for the transmembrane voltage difference. • Because the concentration gradient for positively charged potassium (K+) forces it out of the cell, a net negative charge develops inside the neuron. The neuronal membrane’s purpose is to control the exchange of ch ...
... inside along the membrane, is the basis for the transmembrane voltage difference. • Because the concentration gradient for positively charged potassium (K+) forces it out of the cell, a net negative charge develops inside the neuron. The neuronal membrane’s purpose is to control the exchange of ch ...
CE James and JM. Pagès
... extracts using anion-exchange chromatography. Single trimeric Omp36 channels were reconstituted into planar lipid membranes and translocation characteristics of various lactams were investigated by analysing transient current blockages in their presence. Concentration dependent ion current fluctuat ...
... extracts using anion-exchange chromatography. Single trimeric Omp36 channels were reconstituted into planar lipid membranes and translocation characteristics of various lactams were investigated by analysing transient current blockages in their presence. Concentration dependent ion current fluctuat ...
Membrane Structure Review
... 7. With diffusion, molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 8. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a cell membrane. 9. (2 pts) Passive transport does not require additional energy & moves materials from high to concentration. 10. (2 pts) Facil ...
... 7. With diffusion, molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 8. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a cell membrane. 9. (2 pts) Passive transport does not require additional energy & moves materials from high to concentration. 10. (2 pts) Facil ...
Ch 4: Synaptic Transmission
... Why is there high Na+ and Cl- outside and high K+ inside? Why are they not passively flowing down their concentration gradients & reaching equilibrium? Calculated the electrostatic pressure (mV) that would be necessary to counteract the passive flow down the concentration gradient (aka keep the conc ...
... Why is there high Na+ and Cl- outside and high K+ inside? Why are they not passively flowing down their concentration gradients & reaching equilibrium? Calculated the electrostatic pressure (mV) that would be necessary to counteract the passive flow down the concentration gradient (aka keep the conc ...
concentration
... membrane –Found in a double layer called the lipid bilayer –Also called the phospholipid bilayer –hydrophobic (afraid of water) DRAW THIS! ...
... membrane –Found in a double layer called the lipid bilayer –Also called the phospholipid bilayer –hydrophobic (afraid of water) DRAW THIS! ...
axonal terminals
... • The refractory period is when the Na+ and K+ are returned to their original sides: Na+ on the outside and K+ on the inside. • While the neuron is busy returning everything to normal, it doesn't respond to any incoming stimuli. • After the Na+/K+ pumps return the ions to their rightful side of the ...
... • The refractory period is when the Na+ and K+ are returned to their original sides: Na+ on the outside and K+ on the inside. • While the neuron is busy returning everything to normal, it doesn't respond to any incoming stimuli. • After the Na+/K+ pumps return the ions to their rightful side of the ...
Exam 4 study guide Spring 2013 Small intestine Most of the
... making more serotonin available. Gaseous neurotransmitters – nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). NO causes smooth muscle relaxation. NO signal lasts several seconds then the signal ends. Viagra strengthens the NO signal by blocking the enzyme that terminates the signal. ...
... making more serotonin available. Gaseous neurotransmitters – nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). NO causes smooth muscle relaxation. NO signal lasts several seconds then the signal ends. Viagra strengthens the NO signal by blocking the enzyme that terminates the signal. ...
Biology Chapter 5, Lesson 1 Notes
... Phospholipids are lipid molecules that have a head and a tail. The tail or fatty acid end of a phospholipid molecule is hydrophobic (water hating) and carries a neutral charge and is nonpolar. The tails keep water from rushing into the cell, that could cause the cell to burst. The head of a ph ...
... Phospholipids are lipid molecules that have a head and a tail. The tail or fatty acid end of a phospholipid molecule is hydrophobic (water hating) and carries a neutral charge and is nonpolar. The tails keep water from rushing into the cell, that could cause the cell to burst. The head of a ph ...
CellTransport
... Active Transport –Uses energy –Molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration Going “uphill” – must use energy ...
... Active Transport –Uses energy –Molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration Going “uphill” – must use energy ...
Action Potentials
... • EPSP and IPSP travel to the base of the axon hillock where they are summed • Two EPSPs in rapid succession at one synapse are additive • Same for IPSPs ...
... • EPSP and IPSP travel to the base of the axon hillock where they are summed • Two EPSPs in rapid succession at one synapse are additive • Same for IPSPs ...
Transport and Membrane Potential
... Separation of charges across membrane or difference in relative # of cations and anions in the ICF and ECF Millivolts (mV) Negative inside/positive outside Magnitude depends on degree of separation of charges 66. The Membrane Potential Na+/K+ pump Negatively charged proteins inside of cell Membrane ...
... Separation of charges across membrane or difference in relative # of cations and anions in the ICF and ECF Millivolts (mV) Negative inside/positive outside Magnitude depends on degree of separation of charges 66. The Membrane Potential Na+/K+ pump Negatively charged proteins inside of cell Membrane ...
Ch. 8 Cell Membrane
... 4. Using a diagram describe the fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane. Indicate the following; phospholipid molecules, hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends, types of membrane proteins and glycoproteins. List substances to which the membrane is relatively permeable and those substances to which it is ...
... 4. Using a diagram describe the fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane. Indicate the following; phospholipid molecules, hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends, types of membrane proteins and glycoproteins. List substances to which the membrane is relatively permeable and those substances to which it is ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.